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True or False:
Normality is a key component of psychological health
False
Around ____% of Canadians have a diagnosable psychological disorder at some point during their lfie
20
Psychological health definition:
Our capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges
“The absence of sickness” is one of the ways that psychological health can be defined _________ (positively/negatively)
Negatively
“The presence of wellness” is one of the ways that psychological health can be defined _________ (positively/negatively)
Positively
What are the elements of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs
Safety
Being loved
Maintaining self-esteem
Self-actualization
Maslow suggested that self-actualized people all share which qualities?
Realism
Acceptance
Autonomy
Authenticity
Capacity for intimacy
Creativity
What is positive psychology?
A field that focuses on an individual’s strengths and positive traits
Who coined the term, “positive psychology”?
Maslow
Seligman described which 3 types of happiness, all linked to positive emotions in positive psychology?
Pleasure and gratification
Embodiment of strengths and virtues
Experiencing meaning and purpose
Seligman believes that an individual can experience happiness via which 3 dimensions?
The pleasant life
The good life
The meaningful life
Describe, “the pleasant life”
Belief of Seligman.
Thinking constructively about the past, achieving optimism and hope for the future, minimizing negative emotions and pain.
(Overall culminating a greater happiness in the present).
Describe, “the good life”
Belief of Seligman.
Cultivating and actively using your own personal virtues/strengths to bring forth authentic happiness and to “live in the moment.”
Describe, “the meaningful life”
Belief of Seligman.
Using your personal virtues/strengths in service to others.
(Creates a deeper meaning of life and a consequent larger sense of happiness).
What are some of the critiques of positive psychology?
The promotion of short-sighted denial of reality.
Unwarranted optimism.
Many therapists believe that psychological health comes from acknowledging and accepting the painful realities of life.
Erikson believes that each eight stages of life is characterized by:
A major crisis or turning point.
(A time of increased vulnerability, and in increased potential for psychological growth).
What is the primary task beginning in adolescence?
Developing an adult identity
True or False:
Identity reflects a lifelong process and it changes as a person develops
True
Identity crisis definition
Without personal identity, we might be confused about who we are
People with established identities can form intimate relationships and sexual unions characterized by:
Sharing
Open communication
Long-term commitment
Love
Definition of values:
Criteria for judging what is good and bad
Underlie our moral decisions and behaviour
Living according to values means:
Considering your options carefully before making a choice.
Choosing between options without succumbing to outside pressures that oppose your values.
Making a choice and acting on it, rather than doing nothing.
True or False:
Spiritual wellness is associated with greater coping skills and higher levels of overall wellness
True
Which of the following have been linked to spiritual wellness?
a) Longer life expectancy
b) Reduced risk of disease
c) Faster recovery
d) Improved emotional health
All of the above
True or False:
Spiritual wellness requires participation in organized religion
False
When does a positive self-concept ideally begin?
In childhood
(Based on experiences within and outside family)
An integrated self-concept is one which:
You have made for yourself - not someone else’s image of you, or a mask that doesn’t quite fit
Stability depends on:
The integration of the self and its freedom from contradictions
Two main components of self-concept:
Integration
Stability
People who have received mixed messages about themselves from parents and friends may have contradictory self-images, which defy __________ (integration/stability) and make them vulnerable to shifting levels of self-esteem
Integration
Expecting the worst
Overgeneralizing
Minimizing
Blaming others
Thinking in black and white
Magnifying events
… The above are all examples of:
Cognitive distortion
What is the drawback of many coping/defense mechanisms?
They succeed temporarily, but make finding permanent solutions much harder
Why can it be difficult to recognize defense mechanisms?
Because they’ve probably become habits, occurring unconsciously
Pessimism is a symptom of everyday depression, and it’s also:
An important root cause of this depression
How is pessimism usually acquired?
It’s usually learned (typically from a young age) from parents and other authority figures
True or False:
Because pessimism is often learned, it has the potential to be unlearned
True
Assertiveness
Being able to say no or yes (depending on the situation)
Simple definition of “good communication”
Expressing yourself clearly
True or False:
Expressing anger is beneficial for psychological and physical health
False.
Overly hostile people seem to be at higher risk for heart attacks.
Angry words/actions don’t contribute to psychological wellness if they damage relationships or produce feelings of guilt, or loss of control.
Intermittent explosive disorder (IED):
Exhibited in people whose anger is explosive and misdirected.
Often accompanied by depression or another disorder.
While we all have moments of anxiety, irrational thoughts, pessimism, etc., when is it appropriate to consider a psychological disorder?
When these symptoms start to interfere with daily activities and rob us of our peace of mind.
Between Sept. and Dec. 2020, at least ____% of Canadians 18+ had at least one of the following disorders:
Major depressive disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
20
What are some of the factors which may result in a psychological disorder?
Genetic differences
Learning and life events (e.g., bullying)
Higher levels of trauma exposure
Etc.
How can different cultures and ethnicities affect the concept of psychological disorders?
Differing expression of symptoms
Differing attitudes
Assimilation (e.g., when people immigrate to Canada and lose some of their original cultural identity)
Biological risk factors (e.g., decreased CYP2C19 enzyme break down of psychotropic drugs in Asian populations)
True or False:
Anxiety is a useless phenomenon
False
True or False:
Simple phobias are relatively common
True.
Around 5% of children, 16% of adolescents, and 13% of overall Canadians have a simple phobia
What is the typical range of Canadians who have a social phobia?
8 - 13% of Canadians
What is the most common social phobia?
The fear of speaking in public
True or False:
Shyness if a form of social anxiety
True
Shyness is characterized by a fear of:
What others will think of one’s behaviour or appearance
Around ___% of Canadians will experience panic disorder in a given year
2
Around ___% of Canadians will experience panic disorder in their lifetime
4
At what age do panic disorders usually begin?
In early 20s
Agoraphobia
Avoidant behaviour, essentially leaving someone house-bound.
Usually results from untreated panic disorder.
Around ____% of Canadians aged 15+ have Generalized Anxiety Disorder
8.7
True or False:
The worrying of a person with Generalized Anxiety Disorder is unjustified
False.
It isn’t completely unjustified (it can have reasonable triggers), but this kind of thinking is unproductive and alters quality of life.
Around ___% of Canadians have Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
1
Explain the “obsession” aspect of OCD
Recurrent, unwanted thoughts/impulses
These are improbably fears (e.g., contamination)
Explain the “compulsion” aspect of OCD
Repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions that are usually associated with obsessions
Examples: Hand washing (usually accompanying contamination obsession), counting, …
In behavioural addictions, the role of compulsion is _______ (small/large) and significant
Small
Explain behavioural addictions:
People experience intense urges to engage in behaviour, which can create anxiety.
This urge intensifies until they carry out the behaviour repeatedly, and they feel relief and elation.
Behaviour is both maladaptive and persistent.
Nomophobia
A psychological condition connected to smartphone addiction which reflects the dear which some people experience while disconnected from their phone
Almost ____% of Canadians are estimated to have had PTSD at some point during their lifetime
10
How long are post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS) symptoms experienced?
Within 1 - 30 days of the traumatic event taking place
PTSD can be diagnosed after an individual has experienced symptoms for:
At least one month
Can PTSS or PTSD be diagnosed quicker?
PTSS (post-traumatic stress syndrome)
True or False:
Earlier intervention for PTSS can reduce the likelihood that a diagnosis of PTSD will eventuate
True
PTSD symptoms often decrease substantially within:
3 months
Around half of individuals fully recover from PTSD within:
6 months
Which of the following does not respond well to both drug treatments and cognitive behavioural therapies?
a) Panic disorder
b) Simple phobias
c) GAD
d) OCD
b) Simple phobias
What are the two most common mood disorders?
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Depression affects around ____% of Canadians
11
Women are almost ____x as likely as men to experience depression
2
In Canada, ______ (men/women) have a much higher suicide rate than women
men
Indigenous and Inuit peoples in Canada have much higher rates than most other groups, ranging from __(a)__ times to __(b)__ times the national average
a) 5
b) 11
Depression treatment depends on:
Severity
Whether the person is suicidal
What is the best initial treatment for depression?
A combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy
Around ____% of Canadians experience the winter blues
15
Around ____% of Canadians experience SAD
2 - 3
Which mood disorder feature do the following symptoms characterize?
Restlessness
Lots of energy
Needing little sleep
Non-stop talking
Mania
True or False:
Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally
True
____(a)____ are used to treat individual manic episodes, ____(b)____ can prevent future mood swings, and ____(c )____ can be prescribed to stabilize moods
a) Tranquilizers
b) Special drugs (e.g., salt lithium carbonate)
c) Anticonvulsants
___% of Canadians have bipolar disorder
1
___% of Canadians have schizophrenia
1
Around ____% of newly diagnoses schizophrenia cases occur when someone is between the ages of 20 - 34
30
What is the likely cause of schizophrenia?
Combination of:
Genes
Environmental factors occurring in pregnancy and development
e.g., infants with prenatal exposure to certain infections or medications
General characteristics of schizophrenia:
Disorganized thoughts
Inappropriate emotions
Delusions (firmly held false beliefs)
Auditory hallucinations
Deteriorating social and work functioning
The biological model emphasizes:
The mind’s activity depends entirely on the brain, whose composition is genetically determined.
The activity of neurons, mediated by complex chemical reactions, gives rise to our most complex thought, desires, and behaviour.
_____________ therapy is the most important kind of therapy inspired by the biological model
Pharmacological
What is the requirement for all medications which fall under pharmacological therapy?
Require a prescription from a medical doctor
Have been evaluated as being safe
Have been evaluated as more effective than a placebo
a) For mild cases of depression, is psychotherapy or antidepressants more effective treatments?
b) For major depression, which of the above treatments are more effective?
a) They are both equally effective.
b) Combined therapy is significantly more effective than any type of treatment alone.
The behavioural model focuses on peoples’:
Overt behaviour (what people do), rather than on brain structures and chemistry, or on thoughts and consciousness
Which psychological model regards psychological problems as maladaptive behaviours or bad habits?
The behavioural model
Behaviourists analyze behaviour in terms of which key aspects?
Stimulus
Response
Reinforcement
What is one of the main therapy methods used on fearful people in the behavioural model?
Exposure therapy
The cognitive model emphasizes:
The effect of ideas on behaviour and feelings
The cognitive model believes that behaviour results from:
Complicated:
Attitudes
Expectations
Motives
Rather than from simple and immediate reinforcements
How does the cognitive model deal with false ideas?
It tries to expose and identify these false ideas which produce negative feelings (e.g., anxiety and depression).
Clients then replace these unrealistic thoughts with more realistic ones.
What does the psychodynamic model emphasize?
Thoughts
True or False:
Proponents of the psychodynamic model believes that thoughts can be changed directly
False.
This is because this model believes that they’re fed by other unconscious ideas and impulses.