APUSH 8-9 Lesson 6-7, APUSH 8-9 Lesson 3-5, APUSH 8-9 Lesson 1-2, APUSH Lesson 17 - 20, FDR New Deal Acts, APUSH 6-7 Lesson 10-11, APUSH 6-7 Lesson 12-14, APUSH 6-7 Lesson 15-16, APUSH 6-7 Lesson 7-9, APUSH 6-7 Lesson 4-6, APUSH, APUSH 1-3, Key Events Lea

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Dixiecrats: Strom Thurmond

Southern Democrats who opposed desegregation (Brown v. Board of Education 1954). Strom Thurmond ran for President in 1948 as a member of this political party. Ironically, the symbol of the party was the Statue of Liberty!

Progressive Party 1948

This was a left-wing political party that ran former Vice President Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president and U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor of Idaho for vice president in 1948. The party failed to win a single state, coming in fourth in the November election behind Strom Thurmond's Dixiecrat Party.

Brown vs. Board

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Warren Court

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Little Rock

(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott/Rosa Parks

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Martin Luther King, Jr./SCLC

First President of the SCLC

Helped organize many protests of the civil rights movement

SNCC - Sit-ins

The SNCC or snick as they became known continued efforts to desegregate lunch counters.

CORE - Freedom Rides

organized rides to integrate interstate transportation in the south.

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Civil Rights Act 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Selma March

Protest to register African American voters in the South, violence against protesters

Voting Rights Act 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

"Black Power"

significant ideology and movement within the Civil Rights Movement, emerging in the mid-1960s. It advocated for black self-reliance, racial pride, and self-determination, shifting the focus from integration with white society to black empowerment.

Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)

Prominent member of Black Power movements

Leader of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and later Black Panther party

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Huey Newton

An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.

Bobby Seale

militant founder/leader of the Black Panthers

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Haight-Ashbury

Haven for young people seeking an alternative to the straight world in 1965. Was located in San Francisco

Glass Ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

Baby and Child Care vs The Feminine Mystique

Provided practical advice and a mother-centered approach to childcare, emphasizing the importance of the mother-child bond.

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

ERA

the Equal Rights Amendment. This proposed constitutional amendment would guarantee equal rights for all Americans regardless of sex, preventing legal discrimination based on gender

Roe vs. Wade

the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

Chicanos: Cesar Chavez

civil rights movement that advocated for the rights of Mexican Americans and other Latinos in the United States. He is best known for his work as a labor leader, particularly his co-founding of the United Farm Workers (UFW) union with Dolores Huerta, which fought for the rights of farm workers. Chavez's efforts led to improved wages, benefits, and working conditions for farm laborers through strikes, boycotts, and nonviolent resistance.

United Farm Workers

organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

AIM

American Indian Movement. demanded greater rights for Native Americans, use violence to make its point

Occupation of Wounded Knee

incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

Stonewall Riot

Riot by homosexuals in New York City against the police for the poor treatment they received

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Bakke vs. California

1978, affirmative action case; determined that quotas for admitting minorities to college is reverse discrimination & illegal, created point system for college admission

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Alger Hiss

U.S. government official accused of being a communist spy and convicted of perjury

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

Hollywood 10

10 witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood.

McCarran Internal Security Act

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

Rosenberg Case

Involved Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were American communists. They were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness.

Levittowns

Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses built by WIlliam Levitt all over the country during the 1950's.

I Love Lucy

Most popular sitcom of the 1950s, star Lucille Ball: played Lucy, married to Cuban American, Lucy always tried to outthink her husband, she rarely succeeds, but keeps trying

Elvis Presley

The King of Rock n Roll; I am the "white boy with a Negro sound"; I popularized rock n roll; my dance moves were highly suggestive & caused a backlash against rock music

Beatniks

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

Allen Ginsberg

A leading member of the Beat movement whose writings featured existential mania for intense experience and frantic motion.

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Interstate Highway Act 1956

1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

National Defense and Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

U-2 Crisis

USSR shot down US spy plane w/ evidence of its spy activities. Khrushchev cancelled E-W summit and repealed Ike's invitation to the USSR. Soviets thought Khrushchev was playing too nice, so he was looking for an excuse to be tougher.

1960 Election Debates

first televised debate. Kennedy won the TV audience but Nixon won the radio audience

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Green Berets

President Kennedy gave enthusiastic support to the expansion of the Special Forces, soldiers who trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Berlin Crisis

Standoff between Khrushchev and Kennedy over control of West Germany. West Germany stays under western control, but Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall as a result. (major foreign policy tests faced by the Kennedy Administration)

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

The Other America

(1962)-This novel was an influential study of poverty in the U.S, published by Michael Harrington & it was a driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of U.S was living below poverty line.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Medicaid/Medicare

In-kind government transfer programs that provide health and hospitalization benefits: Medicare to the aged and their survivors and to certain of the disabled, regardless of income, and Medicaid to people with low incomes.

Immigration Act 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Desegregation of Armed Forces

July 1948, President Truman issued an executive order that established a policy of racial equality in military; ended segregation in U.S. military.

Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Get Tough Policy

Truman's way of getting tough with the Soviet Union. He met with Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov and sharply chastised him for violations of the Yalta accords. Truman insisted that the US should be able to get 85% of what is wanted, but he was forced to settle for much less.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Point Four Program

This was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Bonus Army

Hoovervilles, etc.

mocking President Hoover

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.