Exam 1 - online lecture

sites that are free of any microbes are called

axenic

what locations of the body should be axenic

alveoli, CNS, circulatory system, upper urogenital regions, uterus

the habitat in which an organism normally lives, grown, and multiplies is known as the

reservoir

what are two diseases humans can give animals

MRSA and Influenza A

reservoir for anthrax

outside animal

3 major portals of entry

skin, mucous membranes, placenta

what is the most common site of entry

respiratory tract

what are some diseases that can result from pathogens crossing the placenta

toxoplasmosis

syphilis

listeriosis

erythema infectiosum

AIDS

german measles

____ microbia live with us while __ microbia are picked up from the environment

resident, transient

opportunistic pathogens are normal microbiota that cause ___ under certain conditions

disease

what are the 3 types of reservoirs

animal, human, nonliving

diseases naturally spread from animal to humans are called

zoonoses

reservoir for malaria and yellow fever

primates

reservoir for toxoplasmosis

cat

reservoir for bubonic plague

rodents

isolation restricts movement of ____ people while quarantine restricts movement of ____ people

ill, well

t/f

infection may or may not result in disease

true

what is not considered a true portal of entry but provides a way for the pathogen to enter the body by being deposited directly into the tissue

parenteral route

symptoms are ____ and felt while signs are ____ and measured

subjective, objective

the degree of pathogenicity or how easy it is for the organism to cause disease is known as

virulence

an inanimate object involved in indirect transmission

fomite

what are the 3 modes of transmission

contact, vehicle, vector

mechanical vectors ___ the pathogen and biological vectors are the ____ for pathogens

carry, host

incidence refers to the number of ___ cases and prevalence refers to the number of ____ cases

new, total

the case fatality rate is the number of ___ divided by the number of ___

fatalities, confirmed cases

crude mortality rate is the number of ___ divided by the _____

fatalities, total population

disease that typically occurs at regular intervals at a stable incidence within a given population or area

endemic

only a few scattered cases within an area or population

sporadic

occurs at greater frequency than is usual

epidemic

an epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

pandemic

what is the index case

first case of the disease

what are nosocomial infections

healthcare associated infections

who is the father of modern microbiology? what theory did he make

louis pasteur

germ theory of disease

who discovered handwashing was important after figuring out why women were dying during child labor from puerperal fever

semmelweis

who discovered antiseptic technique

lister

who worked on infection control of cholera

snow

who developed smallpox vaccine

jenner

mycobacteria are gram ___ and mycoplasma are gram ___

+, -

what color do gram + appear after stain

purple

acid-fast bacteria/mycobacteria contain what

waxy, mycolic acid

staining increases ___ and ____ by coloring specimens

contrast, resolution

what color do acid-fast cells stain? what color do non-acid-fast cells stain?

red, blue

what color do endospores stain? what color do vegetative cells stain?

green, magenta

series of paired statement where only one or two either/or choices apply are known as

dichotomous/taxonomic keys

a ______ is an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell and a ___ is a collection of microbes in a complex community

colony, biofilm

photoautotrophs use ___ for energy and ___ for carbon source

light, co2

chemoautotrophs use ___ for energy and ___ for carbon source

chemical compounds, co2

photoheterotrophs use ___ for energy and ___ for carbon source

light, organic compounds

chemoheterotrophs use ____ for energy and ___ for carbon source

chemical compounds, organic compounds

what is required for growth

oxygen, pH, temp, moisture, osmotic pressure, light, food

what is the most important factor which affects growth of microorganisms

temperature

___ prefer cold temps

____ prefer mild temp

___ prefer high temp

psychrophilic

mesophilic

hyper thermophilic

what media are fungi selective towards

sabouraud dextrose sugar

what helps differentiate streptococcus organisms

blood agar

what media is selective for gram - bacteria but also differentiates between the types of gram -

MacConkey Agar

types of plasmids:

fertility factors carry instructions for ____

resistance factors carry genes for ___ to antibodies

bacteriocin factors carry genes for toxins called ____

virulence factors carry instructions that enable bacterium to become ____

conjugation

resistance

bacteriocins

pathogenic

organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants...this is normal in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

vertical gene transfer

acquiring genes from other microbes of the same generations, donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell...only prokaryotes

horizontal gene transfer

what are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer

transformation, transduction, bacterial conjugation

transformation involves the recipient cell taking up DNA from the ___ and it becomes known as ___

environment, competent

transduction involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a _____

replicating virus

conjugation involves transfer of DNA from one cell to another via conjugation pili, what does the donor cell require and what does the recipient cell lack

F plasmid