GALLINGANE READING FINAL

what are the 5 components of reading?

1. PA and phonemic awareness

2. phonics and word study

3. fluency

4. vocabulary

5. comprehension

define fluency

the ability to read text quickly, accurately, and with expression to gain meaning

what are the 3 components of fluency?

accuracy, rate, and prosody

is automaticity a component of fluency?

no, it's a combo of rate and accuracy

define accuracy

automatic word recognition

define rate

speed

define prosody

expression, phrasing, punctuation, intonation

what are the 3 levels that fluency is measured at?

1. letter

2. sight word

3. connected text passages > main goal

in early grades, fluency is measured at what level?

letter and sight word

when is fluency measured at connected text passage level?

introduced by 1st and 2nd

fluent by 3rd

why do we need automatic word recognition?

so that we don't have to think too hard about decoding words which leaves more room for comprehension

why is fluency important?

it focuses their attention to understanding the text, interpreting the text, making inferences and connections among the ideas in the text.

how does fluency connect to the adams model?

the faster the processors work, the more fluent you are and the processors can talk to each other

explain the relationship between the demands of a text and reading fluency

- text demands make text more complex or less complex changing fluency

- reader is only fluent to a certain degree and changes based on the text

- fluency changes with how many times a text is read

- kids have to change their strategies while they're reading to adjust text demands

- they fluctuate and compact comprehension

if fluency is hindered, then _______ will be too!

comprehension

examples of text demands that affect fluency

1. genre

2. text structure

3. vocabulary

4. sentence complexity

5. themes and ideas

what's the difference between text complexity and text difficulty?

text complexity: complexity of a text is static and doesn't change

text difficulty: the ratio of the demands of a text and the abilities of the reader changes

is TD or TC fixed?

text complexity i fixed while difficulty fluctuates for each reader and each text

what is stamina?

how long you can go and maintain fluency and comprehension.

an increase in stamina means it's easier to read for longer

strength

how high you can go in complexity

how do students build their ability to read texts?

by steadily increasing complexity; working their way up to grade level or beyonf

what role do teachers play?

they match books to kids to steadily increase fluency. they're supposed to help students read text in increasingly gradual steps instead of just jumping into grade level texts

what are 2 things that are crucial for success in college and as adults?

independent reading and accountability for reading complex texts

what are the 3 dimensions to measuring text complexity?

1. qualitative

2. quantitative

3. student- centered

what's student centered?

think about what the child needs to know what to do when they're given the text.

- background knowledge

- strength and stamina

- developmental level of conceptual understanding

- cognitive abilities

qualitative measures

based on several factors evaluated with a rubric

- layers of meaning

- language

- author's purpose

- organization

- graphics

- vocabulary

quantitative measures

- readability formulas are the quantitative measures of text complexity

- they estimate text difficulty based on length of sentences, length of words, number of syllables, and frequency of words

- number of syllables balanced against avaerage sentence length. longer words and sentences are harder to read and comprehend

list quantitative measures

fry- easiest

lexiles- state of florida uses

fiesch/kincaid- word uses

what does it mean to use a text gradient?

leveled set of books in which processing demands have been categorized along continuum from easiest to hardest

what are the 3 reading levels?

1. independent

2. instructional

3. frustrational

reading levels are dependent on...

students' accuracy score when measuring fluency

are grade level and reading level the same thing?

no

what does calculating fluency determine?

each students ability to identify words quickly and accurately

reading level alone does ___ measure fluent reading, must measure both _____ and ____

NOT, word recognition, rate

when do teachers start assessing fluency, word recognition, and rate?

middle of 1st grade

why is progress monitoring for fluency important?

it's essential for making instructional decisions

how is prosody assessed?

- using a rubric while listening to a student read aloud

- based on teacher's interpretation of the rubric

what is word recognition percentage?

the percentage of words read correctly

how do you find word recognition percentage?

take the number of words correct divided by total number of words

what does word recognition percentage determine?

a students' reading level

what does word recognition percentage compare?

instructional reading level to grade level

define independent reading level

- able to read without teacher assistance

- 95% word recognition

define instructional reading

- able to read with assistance

- 90-94% word recognition

define frustrational reading level

- unable to read even with assistance

- < 90% word recognition

what reading level is bets for increasing fluency?

instructional level

how can you measure word recognition percentage?

- hundred grid

- running record (most common

what is a running record?

- a reading assessment that's coded representation of how a student reads a text, every word they got wrong, and why it was wrong

- there are specific marking conventions so anyone that looks at the data can interpret it correctly

in florida, running record is known as

record of oral reading

running record gives valuable information such as

- oral reading level and level of difficulty

- word recognition accuracy (%)

- miscue analysis- information about the errors a student is making

running record has flexible uses to suit individual teacher and student needs such as

retelling and reading rate

DIBELS is for

rate

a running record is an assessment tool for which purpose?

accuracy

what are the 2 ways to assess/calculate fluency rate?

1. timed reading for 1 minute

2. reading entire passage

timed reading for 1 minute

total words-errors- = WEPM

reading entire passage

multiply the total seconds it takes to read

by the end of 1st grade, children should be decoding and reading first grade texts fluently at

60 wpm

by the end second grade..

100 wpm

by the end of 3rd grade, what WPM?

110 wpm

informal progress benchmark for kdg is __ WPM by the EOY

20

list fluency rate assessment tools

- ORF passages

- DIBELS

- great leaps

- TORF

What is a miscue?

an unexpected response that a student gives while reading (error)

a miscue is an indication that...

the student is misinterpreting the cues in language that help them decode words

what are 3 cueing systems that readers use?

1. semantic

2. syntactic

3. graphophonemic

meaning/semantic:

1. does the miscue make sense?

2. did the meaning of the text to this point influence the error?

structure/syntactic:

1. does the miscue sound right in the sentence?

2. did the structure of the sentence influence the error?

visual/graphophonemic

1. does the miscue look similar?

2. did the information from the print influence the error?

what are 3 fluency instructional practices?

1. model fluent reading

2. daily re-reading opportunities

3. assess and monitor progress

explain the purpose of explicitly modeling fluent reading

for students to learn how a reader's voice sounds when they make sense of written text

explain explicit modeling of fluent reading

- teacher reads aloud with appropriate phrasing, pace, and expression

- teacher models fluent reading of a text prior to the student reading it

- teacher systematically integrates activities that provide models of fluent reading

what are daily re-reading opportunities?

students are given opportunities to re-read a text daily

emergent readers focus on

- letter/sound level

- word level

- shared reading

- predictable books

beginning readers focus on

- word level

- connected text level

- independent re-reading

- leveled books

fluency and emergent readers...

just measure letters and words

fluency and beginning readers...

mid 1st grade start using connected text and measuring reading of connected text

when do kids transition to the beginning reading stage?

kindergarten

how can teachers support students on a word level?

- using word walls with sight words and high frequency words to practice

- put word walls below whiteboard

how can teachers support students on a connected text level?

- re-reading/ repeated readings at the appropriate instructional level

- provide targeted support and coaching

- teacher "reading groups"

- centers for re-reading activities

list the fluency centers activities (6)

1. choral reading

2. echo reading

3. audio-assisted reading

4. reader's theater

5. partner reading

6. chunking/phrased-cued reading

what is choral reading?

- teacher reads text first and then rereads with students in unison

- can be read together in whole group or students can be divided into small groups

what types of books are used for choral reading?

- predictable books

- decodeable/leveled books

- poetry

- nursery rhymes

what does choral reading mainly focus on?

comprehension

what is echo reading?

- teacher reads a sentence fluently with prosody

students echo (repeat) back the sentence matching the teacher's fluency and prosody

- can be done in partner reading

why is round robin NOT good for fluency?

- it's embarassing for poorer readers

- rarely engages students

- has little connection to real life

- reduces the time of engagement with the text

what is chunking or phrase-cued reading?

- marks phrase boundaries within sentences that helps teach phrasing by dividing the text according to natural pauses

- helps disfluent, choppy, monotone readers

what is audio-assisted reading?

- students listen to a recording of a fluent reader while tracking in the book

- children read with the recording by subvocalizing

- allow opportunities for rereading the same book

audio-assisted reading works for fluency ONLY IF

recording match WPM of students' instructional or independent level

what is reader's theater?

- rehearsing and performing dialogue with scripts in hand

- students rehearse until they're fluent

- students can use different voices to bring characters to life while improving their ability to read with expression

what's the goal for reader's theater?

to take an instructional or independent leveled text, rehearse dialogue, and perform dialogue in their best reading voice

what is partner reading?

- a research supported strategy that benefits both partners

- partners take turns reading a complete text and giving feedback

- partners can be taught to time each other and keep record of their WCPM

- feedback consists of noticing miscues and coaching to self-correct

how should teachers create partners?

- use ORD data from progress monitoring

- rank students from highest to lowest scores

- split the list in half

- list 1 has highest to mid-level and list 2 has mid-level to lowest

- align the lists and match the pairs

- maintain partners for about 5-6 weeks and then establish new partners

what does research say about independent silent reading?

research hasn't confirmed (or refuted) that independent silent reading improves reading achievement or fluency

does independent silent reading build fluency?

no

teachers should provide ample opportunities for all students, but especially poor readers to...

read connected text everyday, with adult guidance and feedback

what are the best fluency instructional practices for ELLs?

- listens to lots of models

- multiple repeated readings of same book

- choral and echo reading

- partner reading