EXAM 1 GES

human geography

the study of the relationships between people and places, in all their complexity

spatial diffusions

the way things spread through space and over time.

interdependence

the mutual reliance between people, regions, or countries for resources, goods, and services.

spatial inequality

unequal distribution of the worlds burdens and benefits

mitigation crisis

deportation crisis

funding frozen, and resources limited due to political decisions.

specific example: nearly 8 million have left Venezuela

time-space convergence

the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs

pro of globalization

globalizations levels the playing field, reduces poverty, and promotes peace and democracy.

con of globalization

globalization widened the gap between the rich and the poor, and destrosylocal cultures and economies.

Geographic information systems (GIS)

allows maps with millions of pieces of data

led to creation of more maps than ever

can be used to increase the level of surveillance of the population

scale

examination of different scales from the body level to the global level

venezuelan exodus

the mass migration of Venezuelans to the U.S. due to economic and political instability

• suspension of US aid programs in Peru impacting migrant support

• economic and environmental effects on transit countries like Panama and Mexico

social trend associated with globalization

spread of music genres like hip hop globally

historical perspective of globalization

most products were made locally, production was closely tied to geographical locations

recent perspective of globalization

shifted towards global production networks with component sourced from various countries

neoliberalism

reduction of trade barriers and regulations

facilitates overseas production and international business connections

globalization as an unstoppable process

increasing interconnectedness makes globalization see inevitable

globalization as a potential resistance

challenges in reversing globalization trends despite strong momentum

absolute distance

physical measurement between two locations

relative distance

perception based on production time and transportation speed

example: travel time reduction from horseback to airplane

friction of distance

resistance factors that make overcoming distance challenging

influenced by personal preferences

positionality

individual identities shape experiences and access to globalization processes

example: American, professor, mother

spatial inequality

disparities in investment, income, and quality of life within regions

example: inner harbor vs. poorer neighborhoods

• higher investment and life expectancy in wealthier areas

• lower investment and higher violent in poorer areas

human development index (HDI)

comparison of countries based on GDP, life, expectancy, and education levels

positive view of globalizations impact

reduction in poverty, increased access to medicine and education

negative view of globalizations impact

rising inequalities, environmental degradation, cultural erosion

urban planning examples

Baltimore: investment disparities affecting different neighborhoods

UNC campus: design elements influencing daily routines and social interactions

conflict between global trends and local spaces

globalization impacts local environments and communities

homogenization

adoption of a unified global culture, often perceived as Americanization

adaption

local cultures modify global brands to fit regional preferences

example: McDonalds menu adapts in different countries

infrastructure impact

design of spaces affects usability and perception

ex: sidewalks, green spaces

environmental factors

pollution exposure, access to affordable produce, and overall quality of life

tariffs

tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, making them more expensive to promote domestic industries

• protect domestic producers by making imported goods less competitive

• increased interconnectedness means that tariffs affect a wide range of goods

current use of tariffs

to promote American goods, leverage trade relationships for policy gains, and address issues like immigration, drug trafficking, and arms smuggling

world systems theory: core countries

wealthy nations that set trade rules

world systems theory: periphery countries

nations supplying raw materials and labor

world systems theory: semi-periphery countries

regional powers with some influence but still subservient to core countries

economic power shifts

specific countries gaining economic dominance which can lead to potential instability within global trade

objectivity of maps

maps are not entirely objective as they involve choices about scale, projection, and categories

map bias: population maps

show racial distribution and can highlight segregation

map bias: map projections

different projections emphasize different geographical aspects and can carry political messages

map bias: political map changes

disputes such as the Gulf of Mexico being renamed to the gulf of America reflects political bias

spatial diffusion

the spread of practices or ideas either through contagion or hierarchical diffusion

countermapping

creating maps that challenge dominant narratives by emphasizing alternative perspectives, such as mapping evictions in the Bay Area to highlight gentrification

GIS tech advantages

democratizes map-making, allows for layering multiple data sets, and facilitates dynamic interaction with maps

GIS tech concerns

increases surveillance capabilities, potential misuse of demographic data for discriminatory practices, and greater exposure of personal information

law of diminishing returns

as empires grow, the efficiency of resource extraction decreases, leading to the need for further expansion and colonization

urbanization

population shift from rural to urban areas

corporate influence

corporations exploit cheaper labor in the global south

low wages in south compared to the north are 87% - 95% lower

BRICS

Brazil, russia, india, china, south africa

create alternatives to the traditional US-dominated trade systems

potential development of a new currency

negative effects of globalization

increased demand for natural resources

significant rise in plastic consumption

pollution from electronic waste

carbon emissions

positive effects of globalization

lower prices in developed countries

enhancing renewable energy and other sustainable technologies

more international agreements that address environmental challenges

negative health impacts of globalization

increased risk of global pandemics

spread of unhealthy lifestyles

reduction in USAID funding

positive effects

easier transfer of health solutions like vaccines

cultural impacts of globalization

cultural exchange

social change

negative effects of cultural impacts in globalization

cultural clashes

loss of cultures

demographics

study of population characteristics

population geography

examines demographics in relation to their geographic locations and spatial distribution

population distribution factors

economic opportunity

geography

safety and stability

education

religion

climate and environmental factors

censuses

comprehensive counts conducted typically every 10 years

registries

records of births, deaths, and migrations