ch10 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System: Key Terms: Cardiovascular Disorders

Aneurysm

Localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst

Angina pectoris

Feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate Yk the left aree of shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart

Arrhythmia

Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat Also called dysrhythmia

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposits of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue

Atherosclerosis

Development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the laymen and hardening of the vessel wall. Most common form of arteriosclerosis

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate of less than 60bpm

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction in n of blood flow.

Cause include:

• Atherosclerosis

• Embolism

• Thrombosis

• Hemorrhageftim a ruptured aneurysm; called stroke

Clubbing

Enlargement of the ends of thfingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of disease in which there is poor peripheral circulation

Coarctation of the aorta

Localized narrowing on the aorta with restrictions of blood flow

C-reactive protein

Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis; high CRP levels can indicate cardiovascular disease and it's prognosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Thrombophlebitis involving deep veins

Diaphoresis

Profuse sweating

Dissecting aneurysm

Aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers

Dyslipidemia

Disorder is serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development if atherosclerosis

Includes

• hyperlipidemia (high lipids)

• Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol)

• Hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)

Dyspnea

Difficult of laboured breathing (-pnea)

Edema

Swelling of body tosses caused by the presence of excess fluid

Cause including:

• Cardiovascular disturbances

• Kidney failure

• Inflammation

• Malnutrition

Embolism

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation

Embolus

Mass carried in the circulation. Usually blood clot, but also many be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or outside the body

Fibrillation

Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibres, as in the atria or the ventricles

Heart block

Interference in the conductions system of the heartbeat Also resulting in arrhythmia

Heart failure

Condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood

Hemorrhoid

Varicose vein in the rectum

Hypertension

Condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure. Essential (primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause

Infarct

Area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area

Ischemia

Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation

Murmur

Abnormal heart sound

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Localized necrosis ( death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from a blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area. Myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vessel

Occlusion

Closing off or obstruction as of a vessel

Patent ductus arteriosus

Persistence of the discus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

Plaque

Patch. With regard to the cardiovascular system, deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel (Atheromatous plaque)

Rheumatic heart disease

Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus ( group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve

septal defect

An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-A-men o-VAL-e), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation

shock

Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.
Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is caused by bacterial infection

sinus rhythm

A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node

stenosis

Constriction or narrowing of an opening

stroke

See cerebrovascular accident

syncope

A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting

tachycardia

An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm

thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot

thrombosis

Development of a blood clot within a vessel

thrombus

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root: thromb/o)

varicose vein

A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of
blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root: varic/o); also called varix (VAR-iks) or varicosity (var-ih-KOS-ih-te)

ablation

Removal or destruction. In cardiac ablation, a catheter is used to destroy a
portion of the heart’s conduction pathway to correct an arrhythmia

angioplasty

A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open

artificial pacemaker

A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the
beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to
respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage

cardioversion

Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished
pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric
current (see defibrillation)

coronary angiography

Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is
connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of
another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg's
saphenous vein

coronary calcium scan

Method for visualizing vessel-narrowing calcium deposits in coronary arteries;
useful for diagnosing coronary artery disease in people at moderate risk or those who have undiagnosed chest pain; also known as a heart scan

creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)

Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following
myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the
extent of muscle damage

CT angiography (CTA)

Computed tomography scan used to visualize vessels in the heart and other
organs; requires only a small amount of dye injected into the arm; can rule out
blocked coronary arteries that may cause a myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or abnormal stress tests

defibrillation

Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief
electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the
chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart
through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

echocardiography (ECG)

A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures

lipoprotein

A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very-low-density (VLDL), low-density (LDL), and high-density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall

stent

A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty

stress test

Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise

troponin (Tn)

A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels,
primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)