Lab 6 & 7: Appendicular Skeleton

What type of girdle is this?

Shark pectoral girdle; you can tell because there are three basals

basal pterygiophores

radial pterygiophores

coracoid bar

scapular cartilage

ceratotrichia (fin rays)

basals (female shark)

puboischiatic bar (female shark)

iliac process (female shark)

radials (female shark)

clasper (male shark)

iliac process (male shark)

puboischiatic bar (male shark)

basals (male shark)

radials (male shark)

How can you tell a pectoral girdle apart from a pelvic girdle in sharks?

Pectoral girdles have three basals while pelvic girdles have two basals.

What is the alternate name for fin rays?

ceratotrichia

What are ceratotrichia made of?

keratin

subscapular fossa (medial landmark)

Glenoid fossa - articulates with the head of the humerus

scapular spine (lateral landmark)

acromion process

infraspinous fossa

supraspinous fossa

What is the medial landmark of the scapula?

the subscapular fossa

What is the lateral landmark of the scapula?

the scapular spine

How do you determine if a scapula is right or left?

Look for the Glenoid fossa, which helps you determine the cranial portion of the scapula. Then, look for the rounded edge of the flat portion of the scapula to help you determine which part is the part pointing down.

1. greater tuberosity

2. lesser tuberosity

bicipital groove - where the bicep tendon passes

supracondyloid foramen (medial landmark)

epicondyles

head of the humerus (caudal landmark)

olecranon fossa (caudal landmark) - articulates with the olecranon of the ulna

What is the medial landmark of the humerus?

supracondyloid foramen

What are some caudal landmarks of the humerus?

the head of the humerus and the olecranon fossa

How do you determine if a humerus is right or left?

Look for the supracondyloid fossa, the medial landmark, to determine right or left.

olecranon - articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus

semilunar notch (cranial landmark of the ulna)

styloid process of the ulna (lateral landmark)

How can you determine if the ulna is right or left?

Look for the semilunar notch to find the cranial side, then use the styloid process (lateral landmark) to decide.

head of the radius

styloid process of the radius (medial landmark)

What is the difference between the styloid processes of the radius and ulna?

The styloid process projects medially in the radius and laterally in the ulna.

Describe the orientation of the radius and ulna in the cat arm.

The radius starts off laterally at the proximal end, but it crosses over the ulna and becomes more medial as you move distally.

What is this whole structure called?

the manus

1. carpals

2. metacarpals

3. phalanges

ilium (projects cranially)

pubis (ventral)

ischium

obturator foramen

acetebulum (lateral landmark) - articulates with the head of the femur

How do you determine if an os coxa is left or right?

Look for the acetabulum, the lateral landmark. Then, the ilium should project cranially and the pubic should be toward the floor.

head of the femur (medial landmark)

patellar groove

epicondyle

condyles (caudal landmark)

1. Greater trochanter

2. Lesser trochanter (caudal landmark)

neck of the femur

What is the medial landmark of the femur?

Head of the femur

What are some caudal landmarks of the femur?

the lesser trochanter and the condyles

patella

Tibial tuberosity (cranial) - patellar tendon attaches here

tibial crest

medial malleolus (medial landmark - the longer part of the “cup” is on the medial side)

fibula - lateral to the tibia

What is this whole structure called?

the pes

1. phalanges

2. metatarsals

3. tarsals

talus

calcaneus - lateral to the talus and the lateral landmark

humerus

radius

ulna

In Necturus, the radius is ________ to the ulna.

medial

1. carpals

2. metacarpals

3. phalanges

pubis

ischium

ilium

femur

tibia

fibula

1. tarsals

2. metatarsals

3. phalanges

What does stylopodium refer to?

the upper arm of the forelimb and the thigh of the hindlimb

What does the zeugopodium refer to?

the forearm of the forelimb and the shank of the hindlimb

What does autopodium refer to?

the manus of the forelimb and the pes of the hindlimb

List some bones that fall under stylopodium

the humerus and femur

List some bones that fall under zeugopodium

radius & ulna; tibia & fibula

List some bones that fall under autopodium

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges; tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges