Surface Water SG

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groundwater, glaciers, oceans

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3 largest reservoirs of water on Earth

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groundwater

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largest source of readily available drinking water

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53 Terms

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groundwater, glaciers, oceans

3 largest reservoirs of water on Earth

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groundwater

largest source of readily available drinking water

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glacial ice

largest freshwater reservoir of water

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ocean

largest reservoir of water by far

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downcutting

Why do mountain streams form V-shaped valleys?

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angle of repose

maximum angle a slope (gradient) can have and remain stable

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decreases

Slope (gradient) ______ as you move downstream.

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decreases

Downcutting ______ as you move downstream. (V shape is disappearing.)

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increase

River width, depth, volume of water all ____ as downcutting increases.

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tributaries

River width depth, and volume of water all increase as down cutting increases because new ____ joint the main stream.

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increases

Drainage basin ____ as you move downstream.

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discharge

the volume of water that passes a give point in a given amount of time

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A x V (area x velocity)

How to calculate discharge:

Q =

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decreases

When area is increased, velocity ____.

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increases

When area is decreased, velocity _____.

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braided rivers

What type of river forms a flood plain?

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Oxbow

a cutoff meander when two cutbanks join

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when two cutbanks join

How is an oxbow formed?

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slows, deposited

The river becomes braided at a delta because water ___ down as it enters the ocean. When a river reaches a standing water body, sediment is ______. This creates multiple channels.

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semi-arid regions, outwash plains (front of a glacier)

Braided rivers are located in deltas, ___ - ___ _____, _____ ____.

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river drainage basins (watersheds)

the area that a river drains

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increases

The size of the drainage basin ____ along a river profile.

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hydrograph

plots of discharge over time

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levees, dams, floodways, floodwalls, retention ponds, zoning maps

5 ways to reduce flooding hazards

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levees

create higher banks restricting the flow of water (reduces flooding hazards)

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dams

effectively prevent floods by storing water and releasing it in controlled amounts (reduces flooding hazards)

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floodways

special artificial channels (we dug it) to divert floodwaters (reduces flooding hazards)

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floodwalls

have gates that can be closed to protect communities from flooding (reduces flooding hazards)

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retention ponds

DELAY THE ENTRY OF ADDITIONAL WATER INTO A RIVER; capture storm runoff (reduces flooding hazards)

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zoning maps

avoid building on floodplain!(reduces flooding hazards)

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lower

The BIGGER the flood, the ___ the frequency of occurrence.

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smaller

The _____ the flood, the higher the frequency of occurrence.

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larger

The larger the flood, the ____ the recurrence intervals.

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smaller

The smaller the flood, the ____ the recurrence intervals.

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area is reduced

Velocity increases in a channelized river flow because the ___ __ _____. (shorter distance)

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flooding, hydroelectric, water, revenue

Pros of Dams:

  • Controls _____

  • ______ power

  • Source of ___ and ____

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sediment, sand/silt, lower, flood deposits, migration

Cons of Dams:

  • ____ buildup in the lake, pay to remove the sediment.

  • Loss of ___/___ in delta

  • ____ profile downstream from the dam

  • Lack of fertile cropland due to lack of ____ ______ (mud)

  • Fish _____

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Meandering river

river type is typical of lower gradient areas; bend in river

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outside bank

Greatest amount of erosion occurs in the ____ ___ of a meandering river. Occurs because water flows faster. CUTBANK

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inside bank

Deposition occurs in the ____ bank of a meandering river. Occurs because water flow is slower. POINTBAR

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cutbank

outside bank, area where faster flow, erosion dominates

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pointbar

inside bank, area where water is slower, deposition dominates

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sinuosity

amount of curves

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river distance/straighline distance

How is sinuosity calculated?

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braided stream

River or a stream that has wayyy too much sediment in it

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sediment

Braided shape in a braided stream is because it has so much ____ that there’s several river channels that tend to crisscross.

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trapping

Sediment accumulate on the upstream side of a river because it causes a slower-moving reservoir area behind it, causing suspended sediment to settle out of the water and deposit on the bottom, essentially _____ it in the reservoir.

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radial, trellis, rectangular, dendritic, deranged

5 types of river drainage patterns

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radial

radiates out in all directions from a central point.

  • controlled by a central high point (looks like a mountain)

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trellis

controlled by rock types that are tilted, ends up being a ridge where water is stuck flowing between them

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rectangular

taking right angled turns

  • fractured rock is controlling it

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dendritic

tree

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deranged

doesn’t know where its going.

  • occurs when there is an extremely low grade