chemistry final

Chemistry

The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.

Matter

All the substances that make up our world.

Chemical

A substance that always has the same composition and properties wherever it is found.

Scientific Method

A process that scientists use to make observations, gather data, and explain natural phenomena.

Measurements

Describe the attributes of matter such as volume, length, time, and temperature.

Density

The ratio of mass (g) to volume (ml).

Significant Figures

The meaningful digits in a measurement plus one estimated digit at the end.

Pure Substance

Anything with a definite composition.

Mixture

A combination of two or more pure substances.

Homogeneous

A uniform composition or even distribution, also known as a solution.

Heterogeneous

Not uniform, where different components are easily identified.

Filtration

A method of separating a mixture physically by pouring or decanting it through filter paper.

Chromatography

A chemical method used to separate components of a liquid mixture.

Physical Property

Characteristics that are observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance.

Melting

The process of turning solids into liquids.

Freezing

The process of turning liquids into solids.

Evaporation

The process of turning liquids into gases.

Condensation

The process of turning gases into liquids.

Sublimation

The process of turning solids directly into gases without passing through the liquid state.

Deposition

The process of turning gases directly into solids.

Chemical Properties

The ability of a substance to change into a new substance.

Atom

The simplest form of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Mass Number

Describes the number of particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom.

Periodic Table

A table arranged in increasing atomic number with vertical columns reflecting groups and horizontal rows called periods.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed between metals and non-metals where metals name first and non-metals change to 'ide'.

Lewis Dot Structure

Symbols of the elements surrounded to represent the valence electrons.

Polyatomic Ion

An ion composed of two or more atoms.

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally.

Ionic Reaction

A reaction where electrons are completely transferred between atoms.