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The Triple Alliance forged by Bismarck
consisted of ________.
Germany, Austria, and Italy
William II wanted ________.
a navy and colonies like Britain's
At the Congress of Berlin in 1878,
________.
Germany claimed a new role on the world stage
According to the Schlieffen Plan of 1905,
which of the following was supposed to
happen?
German troops would move west quickly to
defeat France and then move to the eastern
front.
Colonel T. E. Lawrence played a key role in
the war in ________.
the Middle East
The British introduced the use of ________
in World War I.
the tank
The second Moroccan crisis brought Britain
closer to ________.
France
Who was Rasputin?
a faith healer who advised the tsar
Leon Trotsky's military forces were
opposed by the ________.
White Russians
The civil war between the Red Russians
and White Russians ended in ________.
1921, when the Red Army finally overcame
the domestic opposition
Mainly due to the British forces, by October
30, 1918, ________ was out of the war.
Turkey
The peace treaty signed in Paris in 1920
between Turkey and the Allies dismembered
________.
The Ottoman Empire
A Greek invasion of the Turkish homeland
provoked a nationalist reaction, bringing the
young general Mustafa Kemal, or ________,
"Father of the Turks"
The Big Four were ________.
the United States, Britain, France, and Italy
In the peace talks that ended World War I,
Germany ________.
was forced to accept terms dictated by the
victors
Mandates established in the former
Ottoman Empire were administered by
________.
France and Britain
What motivated Russia and France to
form an alliance?
Germany had been too successful in
isolating both countries diplomatically.
Initially the Soviets ________.
allowed the provisional government to function without actually supporting it
A main reason for popular discontent with
the Russian provisional government in
1917-1918 was ________.
continuing shortages of food
Bolshevik Russia agreed to the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk, under which they ________.
yielded Finland, Poland, and Ukraine to
Germany
Why did the Bolsheviks oppose World War
I?
They believed it benefited only capitalism.
The Germans controlled Eastern Europe and
its resources, especially food, and by 1918
were free to concentrate their forces on the
western front. These developments would
probably have been decisive without
________.
American intervention
Which of the following eventually brought
about the end of the Ottoman Empire?
its decision to enter the war on the side of
Germany in 1914
The covenant of the League of Nations
sought to establish ________.
a system for resolving international conflicts
The German strategy of fomenting
trouble in Russia by returning Lenin from exile
can be considered ________.
entirely successful
The period historians call the New
Imperialism began in the ________.
1870s
India was formally ruled by which of the
following until 1857?
The Mughal emperor
When a European power placed one of its
officials in a foreign government to
remotely control that government a
_________ was created.
protectorate
Which country annexed Korea in 1910?
Japan
Laos and Cambodia became protectorates
of ________ in the 1880s and 1890s.
France
The Boxer Rebellion ended when ________.
an international army occupied Beijing
The Open Door Policy ________.
allowed all nations to trade in China on equal terms
What technological innovation helped
Britain win the first Opium War against
China?
Iron steamboat
The first transatlantic submarine cable
was laid in ________.
1866
What was "gunboat diplomacy"?
The use of warships to ensure cooperation
of local rulers with European imperialists
Missionaries were most active in
providing ________ to non-Westerners.
education
Why did British economic thinkers
advocate abandoning closed imperial
systems in favor of free trade?
Britain's manufacturing capacity
exceeded demands of the population.
The Opium Wars were a conflict between
Britain's desire to sell a product in China
and China's opposition to ________.
the import of an addictive product, opium
The Government of India Act in 1858
________.
transferred political authority from the
East India Company to the British Crown
Britain ________ from its rule of India.
benefited economically
By 1914, which of the following was true?
British colonization touched North, South, East, and West Africa.
Which of the following territories was
remained an independent nation in 1914?
Ethiopia
The Europeans' power attempt to
maximize their strategic control of
African territory, markets, and raw
materials was known as ________.
the Scramble for Africa
Which of these was used by Russia to
justify its expansion in the
Transcaucasus?
protection of fellow Christians
Which of the following statements is true
concerning colonization in Asia from
1880-1914?
American influence in southern Asia
increased by 1914.
Botanists played a profound role in which
of the following imperial ventures?
They transformed local crop production
to serve the needs of the empires' home
countries.
Anthropologists in the nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries did which of the
following?
They created zoo-like "native villages"
for people in Europe and America.
Which of these was NOT a British settler
colony?
Ireland
Which best describes the ultimate
outcome of the Russian wars of conquest
in Asia?
They resulted in Russian rivalry with
Britain.
Literacy rates were lowest in ________.
Italy
The Petit Journal is an example of ________.
mass circulation newspaper
Which of the following became a major factor in the emerging mass politics?
front-page editorials
The man generally accepted as the father of popular science fiction was ________.
Jules Verne
Darwin's Descent of Man ________.
contended that neither the origin of humans nor human character required the existence of a god
Friedrich Nietzsche portrayed Christianity as a religion that ________.
glorified human weaknesses
In France, the French Catholic Church and the Third French Republic ________.
were formally separated in 1905
In his "Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races," Count Arthur de Gobineau ________.
portrayed Western troubles as springing from racial mixing
Theodor Herzl ________.
called for a separate Jewish state in which Jewish rights and liberties would be protected
T. H. Huxley claimed to have found ________.
scientific proof of female inferiority
Most social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century ________.
reinforced traditional gender roles
Mass-circulation newspapers, when first introduced, were characterized by ________.
stories about sensational crimes and political scandals
Auguste Comte's works were influential because they ________.
helped convince learned Europeans that all knowledge must resemble scientific knowledge
Christian missionaries in Muslim lands were most successful in ________.
educating young Arabs in science and medicine
The Manet painting "A Bar at the Folies-Bergère" shows how ________.
leisure activities in modern urban life allowed people from different classes to mix
Which of these women's domestic roles was emphasized by most male intellectuals of the late 1800s?
reproductive
Which of these regions of Europe had lower literacy rates in the late 1800s?
southern and eastern
Sigmund Freud was unusual in paying close attention to _________.
dreams
In "A Room of One's Own", the "room" of the title symbolized _________.
a place for creative expression
Q: Why was the nineteenth century such a difficult period for Christian churches? What challenges did they face as Europe made advances in other areas?
A: The 19th century was challenging for Christian churches due to the rise of secularism, scientific discoveries like Darwin’s theory of evolution, and industrialization, which shifted focus from religion to economic and technological progress. Nationalism also weakened the church’s political influence as states prioritized their own interests over religious authority.
Q: Compare and contrast the features that distinguished the “new” from the “old” imperialism. How much of a departure was the “new” imperialism from previous attempts at imperial dominance?
A: Old imperialism (1500s–1700s) focused on trade and limited coastal colonies, often relying on indirect control. In contrast, new imperialism (1800s–1900s) involved direct territorial control, economic exploitation, and industrial influence, often justified by ideas like the "White Man’s Burden." While both sought wealth and power, new imperialism was more systematic, aggressive, and global in scale.
Q: What role did the formation of alliances play in the cause of World War I? How would WWI have differed without the alliance system?
A: Alliances like the Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) created a tense political climate where local conflicts quickly escalated into a world war. Without these alliances, the war might have remained a regional conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia rather than expanding into a full-scale global war.
Q: Analyze and discuss the events that led to the outbreak of World War I.
A: World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism (MAIN). The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in June 1914, which led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. This set off a chain reaction as alliances pulled multiple countries into the conflict.
Q: Using specific examples, contrast the ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism during the 19th century.
A: Liberalism emphasized individual rights, democracy, and free markets, seen in events like the French Revolution. Conservatism prioritized tradition, monarchy, and social stability, represented by figures like Metternich in Austria. Nationalism promoted unification based on shared culture and identity, as seen in Prussia’s leadership in the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck.
Q: Describe the Scramble for Africa. How was it decided upon? List two countries involved and where in Africa they colonized.
A: The Scramble for Africa (1880s–1914) was a rapid division of African territories among European powers, formalized at the Berlin Conference (1884–85) to prevent conflicts among them. Britain colonized Egypt and South Africa, while France controlled Algeria and much of West Africa. The division often ignored African cultures and borders, leading to long-term consequences.
Q: Give a characteristic of impressionism, post-impressionism, and cubism. Name one artist of each.
A: Impressionism focused on light, color, and movement, often painting outdoor scenes with visible brushstrokes (Claude Monet). Post-impressionism built on this but used more vivid colors and expressive forms (Vincent van Gogh). Cubism broke objects into geometric shapes and multiple perspectives (Pablo Picasso).
Q: How did technology play a role in World War I? List specific examples.
A: New technology revolutionized warfare in WWI. Machine guns increased casualties, poison gas introduced chemical warfare, and tanks helped break the stalemate of trench warfare. Additionally, airplanes and submarines changed combat tactics, making the war deadlier than previous conflicts.
Q: Name and describe two major battles of World War I. Include location, outcome, and one specific person.
A: The Battle of Verdun (1916, France) was the longest and one of the bloodiest battles of WWI, ending in a French victory under General Philippe Pétain. The Battle of the Somme (1916, France) was a British-led offensive that resulted in massive casualties but introduced tanks for the first time, with General Douglas Haig leading British forces.
Q: Was the Treaty of Versailles effective? Name and explain one winner and one loser of the treaty.
A: The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was intended to ensure peace but instead created resentment, particularly in Germany. France was a winner, as it regained Alsace-Lorraine and weakened Germany. Germany was a loser, as it faced harsh reparations, military restrictions, and economic hardship, setting the stage for World War II.
