Chapter 2 Chemical basis of life: Human A&P

Importance of Chemistry in Anatomy and Physiology

Chemistry explains the composition of substances and their reactions, which is essential for understanding body functions.

Smallest Particle of an Element with Chemical Properties

Atom.

Number of Naturally Occurring Elements

92.

Particle in an Atom with a Positive Charge

Proton.

Central Part of an Atom

Nucleus.

Example of a Molecule

H2O (Water).

Bond Formed by Sharing Electrons

Covalent Bond.

Term for a Positively Charged Ion

Cation.

Difference Between Covalent and Ionic Bonds

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons; ionic bonds involve transferring electrons.

Role of Trace Elements in the Body

Required in very minute amounts for various functions.

Example of a Compound

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide).

Representation of Atomic Number

Number of Protons in an Atom.

Particle with No Electrical Charge

Neutron.

Formation of a Hydrogen Bond

Between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule.

Energy Required to Remove an Electron

Ionization Energy.

Reaction Involving Formation of a More Complex Structure

Synthesis Reaction.

Primary Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine

To destroy cancerous tissue.

Function of Electrolytes in a Solution

Release ions that conduct electric current.

What Happens When Sodium Chloride Dissolves in Water

It dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions.

Substance that Releases Hydrogen Ions in Water

Acid.

Role of Bases in Chemical Reactions

Release ions that combine with hydrogen ions.

Neutral pH Value Indicates

Equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

pH Value Representing a Highly Acidic Solution

3.

pH Range of Normal Blood

7.35 – 7.45.

Condition Characterized by Blood pH Dropping Below 7.35

Acidosis.

Molecule Containing Carbon and Hydrogen, Often Water-Soluble

Organic Molecule.

Not an Organic Molecule

Water.

All Anatomical Structures Are Composed of

Chemicals.

States of Matter Found in the Human Body

Solid, Liquid, Gas.

Number of Protons Equals Number of Electrons in a

Neutral Atom.

Isotopes Differ in

Number of Neutrons.

Chemical Bonds Form Between

Atoms of Different Elements.

Electrons Are Located

In Electron Shells (Not in the nucleus).

Cation Formation

When an Atom Loses Electrons.

Ionic Bonds Form By

Transferring Electrons Between Atoms.

Water as a Molecule

Polar Molecule.

Chemical Reactions Involve

Breaking and Forming Bonds Between Atoms.

Acids Release

Hydrogen Ions (H+) in Water.

Bases Release

Hydroxide Ions (OH-) in Water.

Salts Are Formed From

The Reaction Between an Acid and a Base.

pH Scale Range

0 to 14.

pH of 7 is

Neutral.

Acidosis Occurs When Blood pH

Drops Below 7.35.

Organic Molecules Contain

Carbon and Hydrogen.

Inorganic Molecules Typically Dissolve in Water and

Dissociate into Ions.

Phospholipids Are

Major Components of Cell Membranes.

Triglycerides Contain

One Glycerol Molecule and Three Fatty Acids.

Physiological Processes Are Based on

Chemical Reactions.

Elements Required in Large Amounts

Bulk Elements (e.g., carbon, oxygen).

Smallest Particle of an Element

Atom.

Atoms with the Same Number of Protons but Different Neutrons

Isotopes.

Molecule Formed from Two or More Different Elements

Compound.

Sum of Protons and Neutrons in an Atom

Atomic Mass.

Particle with Gained or Lost Electrons

Ion.

Substances That Release Ions in Water

Electrolytes.

CT Scan Uses

X-rays to Create a 3D Image of Tissues.

PET Imaging Uses

Radioactive Isotopes to