Organic (Casey)

what is the classification of functional groups determined by

the number of carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group

what is a primary molecule

a molecule with 1 carbon attached to the carbon with the functional group

what is a secondary molecule

a molecule with 2 carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group

what is a tertiary molecule

a molecule with 3 carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group

what is a geometric isomer

molecules with the same molecular formula, same atom to atom connections but different 3D geometry

what are the requirements for cis-trans isomers

molecules must have a double bond between carbons, this restricts rotation and fixes the 3D geometry, therefore molecules must have two different groups on each carbon in the double bond

what are cis trans isomers

isomers occurring when a compound contains a double bond (which doesn’t rotate) and has two different atoms attached to each of the carbons in the double bond

what are substitution reactions

reactions where the functional group is removed and replaced by a new functional group

alkane → haloalkane

• substitution

• Cl2/Br2

• UV catalyst

haloalkane → amine

• substitution

• C. NH3 / NH3 (alc)

alcohol ← → haloalkane

• substitution

• → PCl3/PCl5/SoCl2

• ← KOH (aq)

what are addition reactions

reactions where a double bond breaks to a single bond and a new atom/group of atoms is added to each of the two carbons that were involved in the double bond

alkene → alkane

• addition

• H2

• platinum catalyst

alkene → haloalkane (di haloalkane)

• addition

• Cl2/Br2/HCl/HBr

alkene → alcohol

• addition

• H2O/H+

• dil. H2SO4

• acidic conditions

markovnikov addition

• when a double carbon bond is asymmetric (different number of H atoms on each C) two products can form

• major product forms when the H (from the reagent) is added to the C of the double bond that already has the most H’s

when does addition polymerization occur

when multiple small molecules (monomers) join to form one long molecule (polymer)

requirements of addition polymerization

• catalyst

• high temperature

• high pressure

what are elimination reactions

reactions where the functional group is removed, along with an H from an adjacent C, and a double bond is formed between them, molecule changes from saturated to unsaturated

alcohol → alkene

• elimination

• C. H2SO4

haloalkane → alkene

• elimination

• KOH (alc)

zaitsev elimination

• asymmetric alcohols or haloalkanes can produce two elimination products

• major product is formed when the functional group is removed and an H from the adjacent C that had less H’s

what are oxidation reactions

reactions where there is an increase in the number of carbon to oxygen bonds (decrease in C-H) bonds within the molecule

alkene → diol

• oxidation

• MnO4-/H+ (permanganate)

alcohol → carboxylic acid

• oxidation

• MnO4-/H+

• Cr2O7-/H+ (dichromate)

what are acid base reactions

reactions where proton (H+) transfer occurs

carboxylic acid → carboxylate salt

• acid base

amine → ammonium salt

• acid base

physical properties of organic compounds

• alkanes + alkenes → insoluble → layers in H2O

• all others soluble if less than 4 carbons

what is structural isomerism (constitutional)

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula