Pre-DP Ps3 terminology

finnish pre-dp ps3 terminology

Localization

A theory that associates some areas of the brain with some activity

some areas can be divided further with further specific function regions

evaluation:

can predict behavior - damage

may be oversimplifying

memory sexuality disgust have bio and sociocultucognitivital factors

modernly it is said that vast majority of behaviors delocalized and done by many parts

fMRI (used to study localization) requires subject to stay still, limiting ecological validity and opportunities, not always applicable outside lab

Schemas

mental representations that organize and guide behavior

neurons (that gray matter controls)

sensory (detect stimuli), motor (ctrl muscles, glands), relay/inter (transfer information between the aforementioned two, majority of all neurons are these)

neurons use electrical impulses to transmit info, communicate with synapses chemically

limbic system

amygdala - emotions

hippocampus - encoding

pre-frontal cortex - decisions and problem solving

thalamus - sensory signal relay to cortex (except smell)

hypothalamus - primarily controls many autonomic functions (metabolism, body temp), motivated;) behaviors

lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal - has PFC and motor cortex, used for decisions (memory, prob-solve)

parietal - perception, sensory processing (touch temp etc) and speech

occipital - vision

temporal - audio info, memory processing, making meaning from speech and language

Cerebral cortex cerebellum

pikkuaivot, motor control

Cerebral cortex brainstem

Medulla - BP

Pons - many neurons regulates sleep

Reticular formation - information relay, alertness, focus, awareness when awake

MRI

uses mag field and RWaves to map activity of hydrogen molecules

radio waves switch on/off align molecules

MRI captures alignment → image

can find tumors bleeding injuries blood vessel diseases, infections

used in sports

high degree of detail

STATIC - no real time data

may overemphasize a large area

does NOT explain behavior

fMRI

measures blood flow changes (hemoglobin), can measure brain activity

highlights active parts during behavior

shows correlation btwn behavior and activity in area

can examine effects of degenerative diseases, str

oke trauma etc

fMRI requires subject to stay still, limiting ecological validity and opportunities, not always applicable outside lab

a highlighted area may not be as important as shown

a dendrite

treeish extension of neuron, more = more potential neuron connections

neural network

a group (a network) of neurons that are interlinked and connected which combine to produce a specific neurological function or process e.g. learning a new language; spatial navigation

long-term potentiation

long-term signal transmission improvement btwn certain neurons

D|A/B HAPPENS

cause: repetition

dendritic arborization/branching

neurons grow more dendrites, more complex actions possible due to more synapses

synaptic pruning

less practice/repetition → we get worse (long-term depression)

neural connections are pruned if not used regularly to improve function of more frequent networks

benefit: damaged connections (by toxins etc) are removed and stop harming us, can also help us unlearn bad habits and bad/outdated behavior

neuroplasticity

brain can change its structure following bodily changes or lifestyle/behavior changes, uses dendritic branching and pruning

can be studied to examine how environment affects us biologically

like poverty etc

explains how humans get more smart from kid→adult

also explains changes in adult brains when learning new things

remember maguire taxi study (2000)

research very correlational

used for identifying & treating diseases etc

response to env, all studies affected by the participants’ lives too

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers made by neurons

associated with some behaviors

e.g. dopamine - pleasure

neurotransmission

neurotransmitters are sent from neuron to other neuron

released from axon terminal buttons of the sending(presynaptic) → synapse (gap btwn neurons)

post-synaptic neuron has dendrites that receive NTs by binding them

each receptor is for one transmitter only

lock and key

some stuff can mimic key

excess neurotransmitters are either enzymed to oblivion or absorbed by terminal buttons = reuptake

(ant)agonist

agonists mimic neurotransmitters and increase effects

can be drugs or nat prod

drugs → dopamine

endorphins → less pain

morphine → endorphin agonist

dopamine is a dopamine agonist

cocaine is indirect dopamine agonist = blocks reuptake → body produces less → increased tolerance and addiction

antagonists limit neurotransmissions

antipsychotics

scopolamine (motion sick)

antihistamines

caffeine is an adenosine antagonist

tired ib student drinks caffeine → it blocks neurotransmitter called adenosine which regulates tiredness

hard to study cuz ethics, oversimplification

Major Histocompability Complex

section of DNA with genes that create proteins relative to immune system

co-dominant = all allele variants expressed

each allele makes different protein → immune boost

diverser MHC → healthier?

remember wedekind t shirt study

Culture

a set of values beliefs languages rituals traditions etc common stuff shared by a group

surface culture = easily identifiable when compared to other cultures, lang cuisine art

deep culture = need a profound understanding of culture to notice, the submerged part of iceberg

approaches to marriage, concepts of justice etc

have norms that are internal rules/customs/attitudes

norms

internal rules/customs/attitudes of a group

Cultural dimensions - Power distance index

how much a culture respects auth and status

Cultural dimensions - Individualism vs collectivism

how integrated people are to groups [I/we orientation]

Cultural dimensions - Uncertainty avoidance index

how tolerant for ambiguity a society is

high tolerance = openness to change and not strict rules

Cultural dimensions - Masculinity and femininity

Masculine = focus på achievement, competition, wealth

Feminine = cooperation relationships QoL

Cultural dimensions - LT vs ST orientaition

Long-term focuses on future, short term keeps traditions, how connected to past and what thinks of future

Cultural dimensions - Indulgence vs restraint

indulgence = go out have fun, thinks that has ctrl over life

restraint = strict controlled norms, more fatalistic

Socialization

process of joining a group or society and becuming member

involves interaction with the culture and its representatives

internalization of the cultures norms and what they consider normal

Enculturation

process of learning cultural practices (langs and customs)

tuition

practice

social cognitive theory

Social cognitive theory

“we can learn behaviors by imitating and observing and modeling other people”

vicarious reinforcement → watch and learn, bandura’s bobo doll exp

acculturation

when one with a cultural background moves to another culture and has to learn it

measured with postiive/negative relationship with own and new culture and how much one values keeping the og one

culture shock = when acculturation tension is stressful

acculturation gaps is when kids of immigrants learn new culture, may result in differnet norms at home vs outside

protective factors = bilingualism → low acculturative stress

preference for speaking maj cult language → high risk of something

negative treatment → increased stress

sharing values & beliefs with family lowers it

economic satisfaction lowers too

group dynamics

group interactions, formation, intragroup relationships, tensions

a group

>=2 people who interact (in)directly, hv common interests (values, norms, goals), consider themselves a group

has task-oritented (work) goals and emotional goals (cry)

most have rules and norms

has roles which have expectations of behavior (teacher, the funny person, macbook)

people join them to satisfy needs, reach goals and boost personal identity

Conformity

surroundings influence behavior → we adjust behavior to fit in

dressing like friends

queues

peer pressure

so’s vegan diet

ASCH paradigm

conformity in rules reinforced in groups by reward and punishment

Group cohesion

willingness to belong in group, more positive feelings increases this

social loafing

“oh the other person will do it imma not do shit” happens in groups

norms

behaviors and expectations in a group / rules for behavior

implicit = group does not speak of it

explicit = group does

can be official rules

Social Identity Theory

cohesive groups may develop social identities

categorization (in-group vs out-group), which groups one belongs to

identification - adopting norms and characteristics after joining

comparison - ego boost from social comparison btwn in group and relevant out-groups (sigmas vs betas)

in-group favoritism - in-group successes praised and out-group is belittled (propaganda)

Levine

Motive

reason for behavior

primary/innate = eating for hunger

secondary/learned = craving sweets after

(sub)conscious

motivated actions pleasurable, unmotivated not

ex/in motivations

extrinsic = external factors contribute to motivation (punish/reward) = avoiding punishment

intrinsic = internal factors contribute to motivation (interest, enjoy)= runner’s high or whatever

motivation

behavior dynamics that initiate or sustain or direct or stop actions

basic psychological needs

autonomy = freedom to make decisions, actions etc are authentic

competence = capability and accomplishment feeling

relatedness = being part of something bigger

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

food, water, shelter, warmth → safety, employment, assets → family, friendship, intimacy, belonging → self-worth, accomplishment, confidence → inner fulfilment

cognitions

mental processes related to knowledge and awareness = perceiving, conceiving, remembering, reasoning, judging, imaginging, problem soelving

Dual-process model

divides processing to two models: system 1 and 2 where 1 is intuitive and 2 is rational

cog bias experiments have good results

cause-and-effect

may be simplistic, excludes emotion from dec making

definitions may be unclear

system 1

fast, intuitive and automatic decisions (easy calculations, mooscle memory)

uses heuristics = mental rules of thumb that can guide behavior

amount of thinking is minimized according to cog.psy

hence we use this amap

used more with high cog load = how occupied work memory is

saves mental resources

prone to cog bias

system 2

analytical, complexer, slower, critical (essay writing or making these damn flashcards)

evaluates options and comes to conclusion

used when sys 1 not enough for solution

or for decisions with high significance to individual

cognitive biases

systematic errors in thinking

anchoring bias

overreliance on first info (price tag) (strack and mussweiler 1997)

availability heuristic

most availabel (tiktok) info relied most on

barnum effect

vague descriptions accepted as relevant for personality (horoscopes)

effort heuristic

more effort is seen as higher quality

stereotypes

cog generalizations of characteristics and qualities of members of certain group

often exaggerated and negative

resistant to change even with contradiction

assimilation

new experience challenges schema, integrates new info

accommodation

new experience does not match schema at all, new schema is created

schema congruence

harmony and compatibility = matches existing schema

incongruence = not