anatomy chpt1

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Biology

The study of life

Pathology

study of disease

Responsiveness (irritability)

the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

Levels of Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Feedback loops

maintain homeostasis-detects and responds to changes in internal environment (positive and negative)

Receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

Control center

processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

Stimuli

Changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning.

Disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

Embryology

study of embryos and their development

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

5 functions for living things

-responsiveness

-growth

-reproduction

-movement

-metabolism

Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

Muscular system

Produces body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Cardiovascular system

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.

Respiratory system

Exchanges gases between the blood and the air and helps regulate blood pH

Integumentary System

Protects, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, produces vitamin D precursors

Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.

Skeletal system

Protects, supports, and allows body movement, produces blood cells, and store minerals

Reproductive system

Performs the processes of reproduction and controls sexual function and behaviors

Nervous system

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.

Urinary system

Removes waste products from the circulatory system; helps regulate blood pH, iron balance, and water balance

Endocrine system

A major regulatory system; participates in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and many other functions