Biology 101 Final Exam review multiple choice

an explanation supported by large amounts of experimental evidence

What is a scientific theory?

Alternative hypotheses might provide a better explanation

Why are hypotheses never accepted as proven true by scientists?

snails developing in a water tank are exposed to boat paint without tributyltin

A researcher hypothesized the tributyltin( an additive in boat paint) causes reproductive defects in marine snails developing in the water. In a experiment testing the effects of tributyltin on developing snails, which condition should be used as a control?

Dr jones knows which patients are receiving the placebo and which are receiving the drug

Consider these experimental processes
Dr. Jones is evaluating cancer patients for their responses to a new therapeutic drug.
Mr bromley is conducting a survey of weight loss for his professor
Mr bradley is consultant conducting health and wellness survey for a drug company
Dr postgate is analyzing biopsy samples from rats given a placebo or a experiment drug for reducing inflammation

which situation describes potential observer bias in the experimental process?

by increasing the sample size

How can sampling error be reduced?

dr jackson personal statement about the effectiveness of his cure for bowel disorders

Which statement is an example of anecdotal evidence?

secondary source

what would a news report on CNN that describes a recently published research on a new treatment for colds be an example of?

metabolic reactions

Which feature is present in all known living things?

ability to perform homeostasis and heal wounds

Which characteristic would zombies need to develop to considered alive?

polar covalent bonds

What kind of bond is found between the individual atoms of a single water molecule?

cholesterol

Which macromolecule is a lipid

calcium

Which example is a element

hydrogen bonding with a hydrogen atom bonded to a oxygen atom

Use the figure to answer the following question. If two or more of these molecules are close to each other how will they bond together

a prokaryotye has 1/10 the diameter of a eukaryote

How does the diameter of a prokaryotic cell compare with the diameter a eukarotic cell?

an apple is a whole food containing fiber minerals and vitamins

Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. why would carbohydrates from an apple be healthier than those from a a slice of apple pie?

double bonds make the structure kink instead of lying flat

Why are unsaturated fats in a liquid state at room temperature?

facilitated diffusion

How would amino acids and calcium ions from he bloodstream move across a plasma membrane

hydrophobic

What characteristic applies to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

the balloon would get larger as it gains water

imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water by not sugar molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water

the cells of the plant would shrink as water from the plant moved into the aquarium

Elodea is a freshwater aquatic plant that is often used as aquarium vegetation how would elodea plant be effected by immersion in a saltwater aquarium?

lysosome

which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade macro molecules?

dchloroplast

Which organelle was found in plant cells but not an animal cells?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle is a stack of membrane sacs that modifies and sends proteins to proper destination

vacuole; water

A plant is suffering form drought and beginning to wilt which cell component is affected and what type of molecule is being lost from this structure

they have one copy of each chromosome

which statement describles human sperm or egg cells?

anaphase II

When do sister chromatids separate from each other

anaphase I

During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

crossing over exchanges genes between homologous pairs

How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?

in sexual reproduction offspring vary genetically from their siblings and both parents

Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?

it is falsifiable

Which feature is necessary for a scientific hypothesis?

if cold sufferers drink Echinacea tea, then they will feel better sooner.

Consider this hypothesis: "Drinking Echinacea tea reduces the duration and severity of colds" Which statement is the best prediction based on this hypothesis?

both participants and researchers are unaware of group members identities

When is a experiment considered to be double-blind?

A independent variable

When graphing data what scientific information do scientists plot on the x axis?

a haploid animal cell

Which of the following types of cells would be produced by meiosis

it has half the amount of DNA of the cell that vegan meiosis

If a cell has completed the first meiotic division and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following statements describes the genetic of chromosomal contents of this cell?

one cell with two nuclei

What would result if a cell underwent mitosis but not complete cytokinesis?

because there are two sister chromatids joined at a point in the middle

Why do chromosomes resemble the letter X when viewed during metaphase?

the S phase of interphase

During which phase of the cell cycle do most organelles duplicated?

metastasis

Which characteristic indicates a cancer cell?

chemotherapy attacks rapidly diving cells like those lining the stomach and intestine

Why might cancer patients suffer from nausea, vomiting's and diarrheas after receiving chemotherapy?

pathogens

What are disease-causing organisms called?

contagious

What description applies to a disease-causing organism that can spread from one organism to another?

infectious bacteria like salmonella reproduce more quickly at room temperature

Why is it important to keep your leftover chicken salad in the refrigerator?

Viral envelope

One of the reasons that viruses are such effective infectious organisms is their ability to enter host cells. Which component of a virus is a primarily responsible for this feat?

viruses can't replicate themselves without a host

Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms?

the rhinovirus would not be affect by the antibiotics

A young woman with rhinovirus goes to the doctor to see if she can get a prescription for antibiotics. How would antibiotics affect the rhinovirus?

binary fission

By what process do bacteria reproduce?

the genes of a virus code for proteins necessary to make more viruses

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: which statement about viruses is correct?

Step 2

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: During which step in replication is the virus dependent upon the use of its own reverse transcriptase?

Cervical cancer

What does the HPV vaccine provide protection against?

skin

Which structures represent a first line of defense against pathogens?

B cells sticks to the invading pathogens surface

Which is an example of a specific line of defense against an infectious agent?

thymus

In which gland do T cells undergo further maturations?

they lack helper T cells

Why would individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that's rare in the rest of the population?

B cells

Which cells are important elements that comprise antibody-mediated immunity?

the flu virus mutated leading to a new strain of virus that could escape detection by the immune system

An individual receives a flu vaccine and is well protected for the current flu season. The following flu season, the individual fails to get another flu vaccine and comes down with the flu. What is that most likely explanation for vaccine ineffectiveness in the subsequent flu season?

inactivated disease causing microbes

What is a vaccine usually composed of?

A first line of defense

Mucus traps patheoges that are later coughed or sneezed away. What form of body defense applies to this example?

they make and secrete antibodies

Both B cells and T cells make up the third line of defense against pathogens but do so in different ways. How do B cells function?

macrophages release pyrogens which cause body temperature to increase

What causes fever?

cell-mediated immune systems

Which specific defense mechanism protects against foreign organisms that have managed to infect body cells by destroying these cells?

cell-mediated immune systems

Which immune system protects the body from its own cancerous cells?

histamine

You suffer a bee sting that leaves a red mark and is warm as well as itchy. What actions would be blocked by the medication that would be best to treat this body reaction?

the proteins can destroy the pathogen

What can happen when a complement protein encounters an antibody-antigen complex marking a pathogen?

No the memory cells will help the mother's immune system to quickly eliminate the virus

A mother,father, and son live together in the same house. The mother passes a cold to her son. The son then passes the cold to his father. If the virus has not mutated, should the mother be worried about catching the cold again from her husband?

it refers to a vaccination program against the flu

Which of the following does NOT apply to the concept of herd immunity?

fever

Identify the second line of defense mechanism that reduces bacterial growth.

independent assortment

What process results in gametes with equal proportions of RT, Rt, rT, and rt produce by a paternal genotype of RrTt?

a nonfunction protein

What does a typical recessive allele code for?

3

According to the punnet square diagram how many different genotypes are possible for this cross?

25%

Cystic fibrosis is caused by the recessive allele, f. What percentage of possible offspring would develop cystic fibrosis from a mating of two parents with Ff genotypes?

50%

Congenital Hypothyroidism is caused by the dominant allele H. If a man with Hh mates with an unaffected women with hh, what percentage of possible offspring will develop congenital hypothyroidism

heterozygous

What genotype is found in a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder

both traits are fully expressed without mixing in a heterozygote

How is codominance expressed in an organism?

alleles I^A and I^B are dominant to the allele i.

Which allelse are dominant to each toehr in blood type inheritance?

incomplete dominance

What genetic phenomenon occurs when a heterozygote shows a different effect than a homozygous dominant individual?

a shaded square

polydactyly is a dominant trait. What symbol on a pedigree chart represents a male with polydactyly?

complementary nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds

Which description is characteristic of DNA?

24%

A eukaryotic cell has DNA with 26% of the bases as T. What percentages of the bases are G?

nitrogenous bases

The double-stranded DNA molecule can be described as a twisted rope ladder. What component of DNA would be like the steps of the ladder?

TCAAGCTAA

Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence AGTTCGATT. What is the sequence of the complementary strand?

The DNA molecules includes a parental strand and newly created DNA strand

Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?

complementary

What term describes nucleotides in opposing strands of DNA that bind to each other

mutation

What process produces new alleles?

prokaryotes have single, circular chromosome

How do the chromosomes in prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic chromosomes?

Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form

In his transformation experiments, which of the following results did Griffith observe?

The percentages of adenine and thymine are roughly equal, as are the percentages of guanine and cytosine in the DNA of a given species.

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of Chargaff's rules regarding DNA?

the sequences of bases

Which of the following characteristics of the structure of DNA allows it to carry a large amount of hereditary information?

A+C=G+T

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found in a given DNA molecule?

prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many.

Which of the following statements describes one difference between DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA replication in eukaryotes?

The 5’ to 3’ direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the two strands of nucleic acids that make up DNA?

In the lagging strand, DNA is replicated in short pieces called Okazaki fragments, which are then joined together at the end of the process

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of DNA replication in eukaryotes?

It joins Okazaki fragments together.

What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

single-strand binding proteins

Which of the following molecule(s) help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?

Mismatch repair

Which of the following mechanisms removes nucleotides that are paired incorrectly during DNA replication?

the 10-nm chromatin fiber

In a linear eukaryotic chromatin sample, which of the following strands is looped into nucleosomes?

Heterochromatin is highly condensed, whereas euchromatin is less compact.

Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

increasing the length of the DNA fragment

Which of the following modifications is most likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis?

It is heat stable and can withstand the heating step of PCR.

Which of the following statements accurately describes why Taq polymerase is used in PCR?

A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. Based on this information, one can logically assume which of the following statements to be correct?