NURS 1131 - Understanding the Work on Nurse Theorists Textbook

Nursing Theory

Attempt to explain patterns and relationships found in nursing and gives nurses different ways of viewing reality and expanded awareness of concepts

Philosophies in nursing theory

Definitions of nursing in general

Grand theories

Discussions of broad nursing practice areas

Middle-Range Theories

Assertions about specific nursing actions, processes, or concepts

When did nursing theories begin?

Started with Florence Nightingale and her observations of nursing practice environments (germ spread)

When did theories begin?

1950s and 1960s

Qualitative data

Data based on depth and understanding- the lived experience

Quantitative Data

Based on the amount or calculated numbers

Theoretical defintion

when definitions are given for terms not because the word is unfamiliar but because it isn't understood.

Operational definition

specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study

Philosophies

System of beliefs regarding mortality, ethics, and how the world should be viewed

What influence did Nightingale have on the Crimean War?

Decreased the mortality rate from 60% to 1%

Nightingales definition of nursing

to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him

Virginia Henderson Theory

Nursing Need Theory - nurses are supposed to assist the individual

Wiedenbach's Theory

Known for theory development and maternal child nursing - Nursing as identifying and addressing patient needs.

Jean Watson's Theory

Theory of Human Caring

What are the 3 main elements of Watson's theory?

Clinical Caritas, transpersonal caring, caring moments/occasions

Jean Watsons definition of nursing

Intentional caring, nurse/patient equally valued, connections made between nurse/patient

Grand Theories

an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

Myra Estrin Levine Conservation Model

Four conservation principles of inpatient client resources (energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity)

What factors influence conservation?

Historicity, specificity, and redundancy

Betty Neuman's Theory

General Systems Theory

What was the purpose of Neuman's model?

helps identify different stressors that affect your patients and adjust your strategies to help them achieve optimal levels of well-being (person, environment, health/illness, nursing)

Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model

states that the person is an open adaptive system with input (stimuli), who adapts by processes or control mechanisms (throughput).

4 modes of adaptation

Physiological, self-concept, role function adaptation, interdependence adaptation

Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory

involves examining the patient's ability for self-care

4 aspects of self care

self care, self care agency, basic conditioning factors, therapeutic self-care demand

Self Care Deficit

Occurs when adults or parents with dependent children are incapable of providing continuously effective self-care

Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality

Nurses needed a better understanding of patients' cultures to best administer care to them

Ida Jean Orlando-Pelletier's Nursing Process Theory

Guides nurses to move beyond simply applying a set of actions to a patient but rather to engage in a thoughtful, personalized process of understanding and responding to the patient's individual needs, ensuring that their care is truly effective and relevant

Automatic Nurse Action

Does not meet criteria for professional nursing behavior - stems from nursing behaviors that are performed to satisfy a directive other than the patient's need for help

Deliberative Nurse Action

Professional nursing actions - results from correct ID of patients needs

Katherine Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort

Addresses relief, ease, and transcendence using the 4 contexts of comfort - physical, psychospiritual, environmental, sociocultural

Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model

Several factors motivate individuals to adopt behaviors that maintain and improve health - importance of health, what it means to be healthy, benefits and barriers

Pender's intentions behind her model

Focus on health promotion using a proactive approach

Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations

emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice

Orientation Phase (Nurse-patient)

Nurse and patient get acquainted, expectations are established

Working phase (nurse-patient)

Intense interaction, nurse assumes many roles and may mature professionally

Termination phase (nurse-patient)

Work accomplished is summarized and discharge planning is put into place

Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment

Nurse and patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals

Patricia Benner's Theory of Skill Acquisition

Describes the process by which nurses learn to practice nursing and adds caring and its integration into skills acquisition to model

7 Domains of nursing practice

Helping role, teaching-coaching function, diagnostic and patient-monitoring function, effective management of rapidly changing situations, administration and monitoring of therapeutic interventions and regimens, monitoring and ensuring quality of healthcare practices, organizational and work-role competencies

Afaf Ibrahim Meleis's Transitions Theory

The concept of transitions is central to the practice of nursing - transitions that relate to health, self care, or well being may result in interactions with nurses

4 types of transitions

developmental, situational, health/illness, organizational

Martha Rogers Unitary Human Beings

Person- energy field

Environment- pattern

Health- part of a continuum

Nursing- seek to promote symphonic interaction

9 assertions of science

Wholeness, openness, unidirectionality, pattern and organization, sentience thought, one energy field, universe of open systems, patterns, pan dimension

Margaret Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness

Health and disease comprise a unitary whole of the individual and the environment

Pattern of Consciousness

Of person surrounded by family. then community, world, and endless other patterns, making an infinite whole

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's Theory of Human Becoming

Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning, cocreating rythmic patterns of re;ating in open process with the universe

What kind of theories are needed in nursing?

A mix of high structured scientific inquiries and less structured, knowledge based personalized inquiries

Paradigm Shift

a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions (change in access and use of information over the years)

Listservs

Internet discussion groups made up of subscribers that use e-mail to exchange messages between people

Compilation Sites

Provide links to pages on various nursing theories as well as links to theory conferences, textbooks, emails of theorists, and other theory-related sites

Content sites

Devoted to individual theorists or their theory

Nursing theory on the web

Began in the 1990s and Lisa Eichelberger worked with theorists to create sites for their theories

What are some negatives about the compilation sites?

Lack of permanency - information can be posted and removed within a day