Physiology - Instinct and Emotions

Pierre Paul Broca

Who coined the term “limbic”?

Border

What does the word “limbus” mean?

Le grande lobe limbique

What structure did Broca refer to as forming a ring around the brainstem?

James Papez

Who proposed the circuit that linked cortex to hypothalamus for emotion?

Papez Circuit

What circuit is this: Hippocampus → Fornix → Mammillary Body → Mammillothalamic Tract → Anterior Thalamus → Cingulate Gyrus → Parahippocampal Gyrus → Hippocampus?

Paul MacLean

Who emphasized the involvement of the amygdala and septum in emotional circuits?

Limbic system

Which term refers to the cortical and subcortical structures around the brainstem?

Hypothalamus

Which brain region is the foundation of all anatomical definitions of the limbic system?

Limbic cortex

What cortex structure surrounds the limbic subcortical structures?

Hippocampus, dentate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

Which anatomical components are considered superficial gray matter of the limbic system?

False

T/F: James Papez believed the hypothalamus had no role in emotion.

True

T/F: Paul MacLean added the amygdala and septum to the Papez circuit.

False

T/F: The limbic system is strictly agreed upon anatomically by all scientists.

True

T/F: Broca described the limbic system as a cortical mantle overlay.

False

T/F: The limbic system forms a circular structure around the cerebral ventricles.

True

T/F: The hypothalamus is consistently included in limbic system definitions.

False

T/F: Pierre Broca's work occurred in the 20th century.

True

T/F: The term "limbic" was originally used in anatomical neurobiology.

True

T/F: Subcortical structures of the limbic system include the septum and amygdala.

False

T/F: The Papez circuit excludes the hippocampus.

Hypothalamus

Which brain region regulates body temperature and osmolality?

Ventromedial nucleus

Which hypothalamic nucleus regulates satiety?

Oxytocin

Which hormone is secreted in response to suckling?

Lateral hypothalamus

Which hypothalamic area is the thirst center?

Paraventricular nucleus

Which nucleus is involved in milk ejection and uterine contractions?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

What part of the hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms?

Severe decrease in eating and drinking

What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is bilaterally lesioned?

Posterior and lateral hypothalamus

Which center increases heart rate and arterial pressure when stimulated?

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Which region inhibits rage behavior?

Medial forebrain bundle

What brain bundle is involved in reward processing?

False

T/F: The hypothalamus makes up over 10% of the brain’s mass.

True

T/F: Damage to the ventromedial nucleus causes hyperphagia.

True

T/F: The hypothalamus controls both vegetative and endocrine functions.

False

T/F: Oxytocin has no role in milk ejection.

True

T/F: Hypothalamic stimulation can produce rage behavior.

True

T/F: The hypothalamus is involved in sleep-wake cycle regulation.

False

T/F: Lesions in the hypothalamus can induce intense tranquility.

False

T/F: Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus causes satiety.

True

T/F: Posterior pituitary releases ADH under hypothalamic control.

False

T/F: The hypothalamus is uninvolved in reward and punishment.

Hippocampus

What structure is damaged in hippocampal sclerosis?

Anterograde amnesia

What memory disorder occurs after bilateral hippocampal removal?

Limbic system

What system is the fornix part of?

Amygdala

Which structure assesses emotional significance of stimuli?

Amygdala removal

What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome linked to?

Consolidates short-term into long-term memory

What does the hippocampus do in memory?

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

What syndrome features hyperorality and inappropriate sexual behavior?

Amygdala

Which structure responds to visual, auditory, and emotional cues?

Hippocampus

Which limbic component has only three-layered cortex, making it prone to epilepsy?

Amygdala

Which structure projects behavioral relevance to the limbic system?

False

T/F: The amygdala plays no role in sexual behavior.

True

T/F: The hippocampus is essential for forming new declarative memories.

True

T/F: The amygdala influences rage and fear behaviors.

False

T/F: Removal of the hippocampus affects old memories.

False

T/F: The hippocampus receives only olfactory input.

True

T/F: Kluver-Bucy syndrome can lead to inappropriate sexual behavior.

True

T/F: The fornix connects the hippocampus to other limbic regions.

False

T/F: The hippocampus can function well without oxygen.

False

T/F: The amygdala operates purely consciously.

True

T/F: Emotional memory involves the amygdala.

Locus coeruleus

Where is norepinephrine primarily produced?`

Norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is linked with arousal and vigilance?

Raphe nuclei

Where is serotonin mainly produced?

Increased aggression, decreased dominance

What effect does serotonin depletion have on behavior?

LSD

Which drug is a serotonin agonist causing hallucinations?

Dopamine

What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is most linked with reward?

Acetylcholine

What is the first discovered neurotransmitter?

Histamine

Which neurotransmitter is linked with wakefulness and appetite?

Acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is decreased in Alzheimer’s disease?

False

T/F: The raphe nuclei produce dopamine.

True

T/F: Histamine helps regulate alertness and reaction time.

False

T/F: Norepinephrine decreases cortical arousal.

True

T/F: Cocaine increases dopamine levels.

False

T/F: Acetylcholine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in most areas.

False

T/F: LSD causes sedation by blocking serotonin receptors.

True

T/F: Dopamine dysfunction is implicated in schizophrenia.

True

T/F: Ecstasy causes serotonin depletion.

True

T/F: The tuberomammillary nucleus produces histamine.

False

T/F: Acetylcholine acts only in the spinal cord.