Studied by 125 peoplePrimogeniture Laws
English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.
Omani-European Rivalry
A trade rivalry between the Omani of the Middle East and the European traders.
Astronomical Chart
Map of the stars and galaxies
Lateen Sail
triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Compass
an instrument that shows the direction of magnetic north
Rudder
the hinged plate at the back and bottom of a boat, used for steering
Carrack
Large Portuguese ship used for ocean travel
Caravel
A small, easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations
Fluyt
Dutch sailing vessel
Maritime Empires
empires based on sea travel
Cartography
The science of making maps
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Prince Henry the Navigator
This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators
Bartholomew Dias
Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. He managed to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama
the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.
trading post empire
16th Century. Built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Manila
Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.
galleon
a large sailing ship used especially by the Spanish in the 1500s and 1600s
Monopoly
the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.
Jacques Cartier
The first French explorer to explore mainland Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
Quebec
First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain
New France
French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.
John Cabot
English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage
Jamestown, Virginia
the first permanent English settlement, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company for economic reasons
Henry Hudson
An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York
New Amsterdam
Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"
Northwest Passage
A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Conquistador
A Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Smallpox
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
the trading of African people to the colonies of the New World in and around the Atlantic ocean
cash crop
farm crop raised to be sold for money
African Diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Indentured Servitude
A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.
Chattel Slavery
A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.
Asante Empire
African empire established along the Gold Coast among Akan people
Kingdom of Kongo
Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.
Aztec Empire
Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.
Inca Empire
Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Treaty of Tordesillas
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Hispaniola
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.
Ecomienda System
System by which the natives were essentially enslaved, and received food from the Spanish in return
Hacienda system
Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.
Coercive Labor Systems
Included slavery, indentured servitude, serfdom, and other coercive labor systems in the Americas.
Potosi
Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver.
Mita System
economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced
Plantation
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Capital
money for investment
Commericial Revolution
the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries
Price Revolution
period in European history when inflation rose rapidly
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
limited liability
A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.
East India Company
An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Triangular Trade
A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa
Viceroy
Spanish; a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
Viceroyalties
The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
Audiencias
Spanish royal courts in Latin America
Creoles
Spaniards born in Latin America
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.
Syncretism
a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith
Santeria
Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs
Vodun
or voodoo is a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity
Candomblé
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people. Mixes beliefs from the Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu cultures
Virgin of Guadalupe
An apparition of the Virgin Mary said to have appeared to a Mexican farmer (Juan Diego) in 1531. She exerted a powerful attraction to Mesoamerica's surviving Amerindians and became an icon of Mexican identity and Catholicism
Metacom's War
First large-scale conflict between colonists and Native Americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (1675-1676)
Ndongo
Central African kingdom that ruled during the 1400s
Ana Nzinga
17th century Angolan queen who fought off the Portuguese colonizers by pretending to accept Christianity, but actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and albut actually was partnered with their enemies, the Dutch, and also developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.so developed a powerful trade nation instead of waging internal war.
Matamba
A pre-colonial African state located in what is now modern day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonization attempts.
Cossacks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Yemelyan Pugachev
Cossack who led an unsuccessful peasant rebellion in the 1770s.
Pugachev Rebellion
unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter.
Maratha Empire
South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An excellent example of yet another rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years
Maroon Wars
Conflicts between the Jamaica Maroon settlements and the British after the British gained control of the island from the Spanish.
Gloucester County Rebellion
Rebellion in Virginia where enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand freedom
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Mestizo
a person of European and Native American descent
Mullatoes
People of African and European descent
Zambos
People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in Latin America, with no rights whatsoever.
Castas
People of mixed race ancestry
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