Critical theories

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SOC 225

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18 Terms

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Alienation (Marx)

The feeling of separation and estrangement experienced by individuals in capitalist societies from their labor, the products they create, each other, and their own human potential.

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Bourgeoisie (Marx)

The ruling class in capitalist society who own the means of production (e.g., factories, land, capital) and exploit the proletariat for profit.

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Capitalism (Marx)

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, wage labor, and the pursuit of profit.

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Consensus Perspective

A sociological perspective that views society as based on shared values, norms, and beliefs, with laws reflecting this collective agreement.

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Conflict Perspective

A sociological perspective that views society as characterized by inequality and competition between different groups with conflicting interests, where law is a tool of the powerful.

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Cultural Conflict Theory (Sellin)

The theory that crime arises when the norms and values of different cultural groups clash.

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Cultural Hegemony (Gramsci)

The dominance of ruling-class ideology and cultural norms that are accepted by subordinate classes as common sense, leading to consent in their own domination.

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Discipline (Foucault)

Social practices and techniques that aim to create order and obedience by regulating behavior and producing "docile bodies."

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Group Conflict Theory (Vold)

The theory that law is a product of conflict between different interest groups in society.

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Instrumental Marxism

A perspective within Marxist criminology that views the state and legal system as direct instruments of the capitalist class.

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Micro-powers (Foucault)

Everyday forms of power and governance that operate at a local level, shaping individual behavior (e.g., rules in schools and workplaces).

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Proletariat (Marx)

The working class in capitalist society who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor power to the bourgeoisie for wages.

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Relative Autonomy (Structural Marxism)

The idea that the state, while ultimately serving the interests of capitalism, has a degree of independence from the direct control of the ruling class.

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Risk Society

A term used to describe modern society characterized by a heightened awareness of and preoccupation with risks, leading to a focus on risk management and prediction in governance.

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Segments of Society (Quinney)

Groups in society that have varying levels of power and influence over the law-making process.

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Structural Functionalism

A sociological perspective that views society as a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability and order.

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Structural Marxism

A perspective within Marxist criminology that views the state and legal system as functioning to maintain the long-term interests of capitalism, even if not always directly controlled by the ruling class.

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Surveillance (Foucault)

he monitoring and observation of individuals and groups, which can shape behavior and create conformity through the awareness of being watched.