Absolutism - Chapter 15

What was an important annual festival in villages?

The killing of the family pigs

How did women react to an increase of the price of bread?

Invaded bakers’ shops and resold bread at a fair price

What term was used to describe a world where community needs dominate over competition and profit?

Moral economy

Who made up the Protestant Union?

Lutheran Princes

Who made up the Catholic League?

The Catholics

What did the Protestant Union and The Catholic League believe in?

The other should make no religious or territorial advancements

What are the four phases of the Thirty Year War?

• Bohemian

• Danish

• Swedish

• French

What was the first phase of the Thirty Year War?

The Bohemian Phase

What happened in the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Year War?

Protestants beat the Catholics at the Battle of the White Mountain

What was the second phase of the Thirty Year War?

The Danish Phase

What happened during the Danish phase of the Thirty Year War?

The Catholics were gaining many victories

Who led the Catholic imperial army?

Albert of Wallenstein

What was the third phase of the Thirty Year War?

The Swedish Phase

What happened during the Swedish phase of the Thirty Year War?

The King went to Germany to support the empire’s protestants and won two major battles

What did the Edict of Restitution do?

Restored all of Catholics lost property due to Protestantism and declared that only Catholics and Lutherans were allowed to practice their faith

What was the final phase of the Thirty Years War?

The French Phase

Who is Gustavus Adolphus?

The Swedish King

What happened during the French phase of the Thirty Year War?

Cardinal Richelieu of France declared war on Spain

What ended the Thirty Years War?

The Peace of Westphalia

What did the Peace of Westphalia do?

• Established state sovereignty

• Let rulers choose the state religion

What were the goals of absolutist and constitutional government?

• Expand frontiers

• Raise new taxes

• Consolidate central control

• New colonies in the New and Old Worlds

When can a state be termed sovereign?

Hold a monopoly over the tools for justice and the use of force with clear boundaries

Which country focused on the navy?

Great Britain

What was the common reason for revolts?

Taxation, warfare, and the increase cost of bread

What were the demands of the Palermo revolt leaders?

• Remove extraordinary taxes

• Participation in government

• No noble tax exemptions

Who is Henry IV?

The founder of the Bourbon dynasty in France

What type of country did Henry IV acquire?

• Diminished commercial activity

• Depressed country due to the civil wars

• Poor harvests

What did Henry IV do during his reign?

• Issued the Edict of Nantes

• Lowered taxes

• Improved infrastructure

Who is Cardinal Richelieu?

French minister who served on behalf of Louis XIII

Who are intendants?

People who rule over lands on behalf of the nobles

What was Cardinal Richelieu’s main foreign policy goal?

Remove the Habsburgs’ control over the territories surrounding France

Who was Cardinal Jules Mazarin?

The advisor for Louis XIV

What is the Fronde?

Rebellions against the French crown because Cardinal Mazarin couldn’t increase royal revenues

What was Louis XIV nickname and why?

The “Sun King” because he played the sun in a play

What is the doctrine of the divine rights of kings?

God has establish kings as his rulers and they were answerable to him alone

How did Louis XIV deprive nobility from being able to take action?

Never calling a meeting of the Estates General

What did Louis XIV do to repress Protestants?

• Revoked Edict of Nantes

• Destroyed Huguenot churches

• Closed schools

• Exiled Huguenot pastors

Why was collaboration of the nobles important to Louis?

He could not fund foreign wars

Why did Louis XIV require the nobility to live in the Versailles for a year?

To keep a close eye on them

How did Louis XIV use daily rituals to reinforce his power?

Establish elaborate etiquette for every part of his day, like putting his clothes on

What role did women play at Louis XIV’s court?

They influenced honors, policy, and alliances, using family connections to build powerful social networks

How did Louis XIV’s court contribute to French theater?

It hosted the works of playwrights like Molière and Racine

What cultural role did aristocratic women in Paris play?

They hosted salons, writing and discussing poetry, art, and theater

Who was Louis XIV’s financial advisor?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

What was Colbert’s ceneteral principal?

Wealth and the economy of France should serve the state

What was Colbert’s economic system?

Mercantilism

What is Mercantilism?

Regulations aimed to increase the power of the state by selling goods abroad than buying them

What company did Colbert found to compete with the Dutch for Asian trade?

Company of the East Indies

What country did Colbert try to get to join France?

Canada

Who were the two prominent explorers who sailed down the Mississippi River?

Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet

What benefit did Colbert bring to Louis?

He was able to pursue his goals without massive tax increases and without creating new offices

Who was Louis’s secretary of state for war?

François-Michel Le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois

What did Marquis de Louvois change in France?

Created a professional army

What did the Spanish crown do to relieve their debt?

Devalued coinage and declared bankruptcy

Why did Spanish manufacturing and commerce being ineffective?

The Crown fired Muslims

In Spain, what was the reason of increased rent for estates?

Spanish aristocrats wanted to be able to afford an extravagant lifestyle

Who was Gaspar de Guzman and what do?

He was the County-Duke of Olivares and developed new sources of revenue for Spain

What ended the French-Spanish conflict?

The Treaty of the Pyrenees

What did the Treaty of the Pyrenees state?

Spain had to surrender it’s extensive territories to France

In 1688, the Spanish crown recognized the independence of what country?

Portugal

How did Eastern landlords affect peasants and towns?

They extracted large surpluses from peasants and sold directly to foreign merchants, bypassing towns and weakening urban privileges

What did the Habsburgs focus on after losing the Thirty Year’s War?

Unifying their diverse territories

What did Ferdinand II do?

• Reduced the power of the Bohemian Estates

• Confiscated the landholding of Protestant nobles

What did Ferdinand III do?

Centralized the government in the empire’s Germany speaking provinces and build a permeant army

What kingdom did the Habsburgs obtain and how?

The Kingdom of Hungary by pushing out the Ottomans

What city became the Habsburg’s center?

Vienna

What was Vienna’s version of the Palace of Versailles?

The Royal Palace at Schonbrunn

What was the nick name of Frederick William?

The Great Elector

What were the nobility referred to in Prussia?

Junkers

Who approved new taxes in Prussia?

The Nobility

Why did the Prussian nobility accept taxation without consent?

They wanted reconfirmation of their privileges like authority over serfs

Who was the first king of Prussia?

Frederick I

What was Frederick William I’s nickname?

The Soliders’ King

What did Frederick William I accomplish?

• Eliminated the parliamentary estate

• Turned Prussia into a military state

Who led the army formed by Frederick William I?

The Nobility

What was Ivan III’s nickname?

Ivan the Great

What did Ivan III accomplish?

Expanded Moscow towards the Baltic Sea and the Ural Mountains

What were the nobles called in Russia?

The Boyars

What did the Orthodox clergy call Russia?

The Third Rome

Who did Ivan III marry and what benefit did it bring?

The daughter of the Byzantine emperor and it enhanced Moscow’s authority

What was Ivan IV’s nickname?

Ivan the Terrible

What were Ivan IV’s early accomplishments?

• Defeated the rest of the Mongol’s power

• Expanded Russian territory

• Laid the foundations for a multiethnic empire

How did Ivan IV respond after his wife’s death?

• Persecuted suspected opponents

• Executed Boyars

• Created a loyal service nobility

Who were the Cossacks, and why did they form?

Russia peasants who fled harsh landlords and joined free groups and warrior bands in the east and south

How did Ivan IV try to control peasants and urban dwellers?

He tied peasants to the land and nobles, bound urban dwellers to towns and jobs, and imposed heavier taxes

What effect did Ivan IV’s policies have on the Russian middle class?

They limited their growth, making even wealthy merchants dependent on the tsar

What was the “Time of Troubles”?

A period in Russia marked by dynastic struggles, drought, famine, and the plague

How was Michael Romanov chosen as tsar?

Nobels stopped peasant rebellions and elected Michael

What territorial gains did Russia make under Michael Romanov and later rulers?

Russia gained land in Ukraine from Poland and gained Siberia

What resource brough in great profits from Siberia?

Fur

What did Romanov do regarding serfs?

Extended serfdom to all peasants and gave lords unrestricted rights over them

What was Peter the Great’s goals?

• Build and improve the army

• Territorial expansion

Who did Peter the Great enter an alliance with and why?

Denmark and Poland to fund a war against Sweden for the Baltic Sea

What did Peter the Great require nobles to do?

Serve in the army or civil administration for life

What territorial gain did Peter the Great get from defeating Sweden?

Estonia and Latvia

What was the building Peter the Great make?

St. Petersburg

What did Peter the Great change socially to westernize Russia?

• Nobles shaved their beards

• Wear western clothing

• Young me and women would party together

• People could freely choose their spouses

What two states leaned towards constitutionalism?

England and Holland

What type of government did England establish?

Constitutional Monarchy

What type of government did the Dutch establish?

Republican