Psychology in Everyday Life Chapter 13

Psychological Disorder

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s cognitions, emotional regulation, or behavior

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)

A disorder characterized by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, co-exists with learning disorders or with defiant and temper-prone behavior

Medical Model

Concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, often cured through treatment

Epigenetics

The study of environmental influences on gene expressions that occur without a DNA change

DSM-5

A common tool created by the APA for describing disorders and estimating the frequency of their occurrence

Anxiety Disorders

characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

An anxiety disorder characterized by the individual being continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic system arousal

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; followed by worry over a next possible attack

Phobias

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance to a specific object, activity or situation

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder that is characterized by unwanted repetitive actions, thoughts, or both

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy, anxiety, numbness of feeling, and insomnia lingering for a month or more after a traumatic event

Conditioning

includes one’s thoughts, interpretations, memories and expectations

Substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

Psychoactive Drug

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Tolerance

a dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger doses to experience the same previous effect

Withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behavior

Depressant

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions, raise energy and self-confidence

Alcohol-use Disorder

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

Hallucinogens

Psychedelic drugs that distort perception and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Opiates

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessens pain and anxiety

Nicotine

a stimulant and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products

Cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; temporarily increases alertness and produces feelings of euphoria

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up bodily functions and associated energy and mood changes

Methamphetamines

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels

MDMA (Ecstasy)

a synthetic stimulant and mild halluncinogen. Produced euphoria and social behavior, but with short term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Marijuana

a mild halluncinogen

Near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death'; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

THC( Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol)

The major active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Major Depressive Disorder

a disorder in which a person experienced, in the absence of drug use or a medical contrition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must either be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

Bipolar Disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and weariness of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

Suicide

the act of taking one’s own life

Non-suicidal self-injury

ways to harm one’s self to cope with stressors such as cutting, burning or hitting one’s self

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Psychotic Disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, disoriented perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Delusions

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Acute Schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely

Chronic Schizophrenia

A form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods are shorter

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being underweight'; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight loss behavior such as vomiting

Binge-Eating Disorders

a significant binge eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the behavior to compensate like bulimia and anorexia

Dissociative Disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thought and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities

Personality Disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscious for wrong-doing, even towards friends and family; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist