Exam 1 Key Concepts HIST 1020 Gaddis

Bacon's Rebellion

a revolt by colonial Virginians against the ruling class and the colonial government, primarily due to escalating tensions between settlers and Native Americans

-First popular uprising in American colonies

Radicalization

the process by which social and cultural meaning, including racialized hierarchies, is attached to individuals, groups, or things

South Carolina Slave Codes

1690- Punishments for running away or striking a white person

First time: whipping

Second time: whipping, followed by slitting the nose and burning "some part of his face with ahot iron"

Other punishments: branding, castration, cutting the tendon in a leg

Slave Societies

-slavery is a central force in society

-slavery is the dominant mode of production

-slaveowners dominate the political system

Societies with Slaves

Slave labor was marginal to the overall economy; slaveholders were part of but did not dominate the social, economic and political elite

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

The Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country, and worked by unpaid laborers.

The Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Sweetness

vastly different between Europe and rest of world

Europe- concluded a meal, integral part of snacks, largely a separate taste

Other world cultures- integrated into meals, complementary taste

Sugar subtleties

sugar sculptures used as decoration or food in aristocratic European households during the Middle Ages

-often created by enslaved people

Sugarcane

one of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate

Kara Walker's a Subtlety

A huge subtlety sculpture that paid homage to unpaid and overworked artisans of the new world

Incan Empire

-formed in the Andean Valley (Peru) in the 12th century

-4-6 million under rule by 16th century

-Important engineering and infrastructure

Aztec Empire

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; settled in Tenochtitlan, modern-day Mexico City; conquered and massacred by the Spanish (Hernan Cortes) in 1521 (main cause of death was disease)

Atlantic World

A pattern of exchange between Western Europe, Western Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Made it easier to get goods from foreign places.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Encomiendas

Land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans

-forced Taino to mine gold

-Taxation from crown

-Hispaniola as a rehearsal for Spanish government

Incan Quipu

system of keeping track of things. Math, accounting, communication. Closest technology to writing. Each knot represented a digit

Columbus Expedition

Arrived at Hispaniola in 1492

-Present Day Haiti and D.R.

-Initial encounters with Taino

-Systems of colonial governance

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.