UMich NURS 210/211: Chapter 27

testes (function/location)

Sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum

Sperm is delivered through a system of ducts

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Accessory sex glands are

seminal glands, prostate, bulbourethral glands

Scrotum

A sac of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes

The scrotum is internally separated into

Two components by darts muscle and a subcutaneous layer

Testes (anatomy)

Paired, oval glandes in the scrotum partially covered by tunica vagina lies

The tunica vaginalis is a

connective tissue capsule that extends inward to form septa that create compartments

What carries sperm out of the testes?

seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenesis begins with

spermatogonia (diploid stem cells) that differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes

The primary spermatocyte undergoes

meiosis I to become two secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

Meiosis II takes place and

The secondary spermatocytes become four spermatids

Sperm

Designed to reach and penetrate the secondary oocyte in order to achieve fertilizations and create a zygote

The head of the sperm contains

nucleus with 23 chromosomes

What covers the head of the sperm?

Acrosomes

Acrosomes contain

enzymes essential to fertilization

The neck of the sperm contains

centrioles that form the microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

The middle piece of the sperm contains

mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of the sperm

The principal piece and end piece makes up

The sperm's tail, which is used for movement

Horomones control

Testicular function

At puberty gonadotropin releasing horomone (GnRH) stimulates

Cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (Fsh)

LH stimulates

cells in the testes to produce testosterone

FSH stimulates

spermatogenesis

Testosterone and do hydrotestosterone produce several effects like

-Prenatal development

-Development of male sexual characteristics

-Development of sexual function

-Stimulation of anabolism

-A negative feedback system controls the blood level of testosterone

Speer and fluid travel from

The seminiferous tubules to straight tubules and then to a network of ducts, the rete testis

The system of ducts in the male reproductive system is

Rete testis

efferent ducts carry

Sperm to the epididymis

Sperm mature in the

epididymis

Degenerated sperm are

reabsorbed

The epididymis propels sperm into

ductus (vas) deferens

The ductus (vas) deferents exits

The tail of the epididymis and ascends through the spermatic cord into the pelvis. It then loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder.

The spermatic cord ascends out of the

Scrotum

Spermatic word contains

Ductus deferents, testicular artery, veins draining the testes, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscle

The ejectors ducts arise from the

Junction of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

The urethra is

The duct shared by the reproductive and urinalysis systems

What liquids pass through the urethra?

Semen and urine

The urethra passes through the

prostate gland, deep muscles of the perineum, and the penis

When the prostate is enlarged, what can happen?

Difficulty urinating or making it impossible

Urethra is passing through the

Spongiosum corpus

Male reproductive accessory glands include:

Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Seminal vesicles (glands) secrete

An alkaline viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins

Prostate

A single, donut-shaped gland that secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphates, and seminal plasmin

Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralizes acids from urine and mucous for lubrication

Semen is a

Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

The volume of an average ejaculate

is 2.5-5 ml. With 50-150 million sperm/ml

The PH of sperm

is 7.2-7.7

Penis

Contains Urethra and is a passageway for semen and urine

The penis is composed of 3 cylindrical masses:

2 corpora cavernous and 1 corpus spongiosum

Reproductive role of female is more complex because

Of pregnancy

Ovaries

Female gonads

Ovaries produce

Female gametes (ova)

Ovaries secrete

Female sex hormones, estrogen, and progesterone

Female's internal genitalia includes

Ovaries and duct system

Female ducts system include

Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Female external genitalia includes

External sex organs

Ovaries are comparable ton

The testes

Ovaries produce

Gametes and hormones

Ovaries are supported by

The broad ligament, ovarian ligament, and suspension ligament

Ovaries consist of

Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla

Germinal epithelium covers

The surface of ovary

Tunica albuginea is a

Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium

The ovarian cortex is

Below the tunica albuginea and consists of ovarian follicles and stromal cells

Fertilization occurs in the

Fallopian tubes

Ovarian medulla is

Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Ovarian follicles contain

Oocytes in various stages of development, follicular cells, and granules a cells

A mature follicle is ready to

Rupture and expel the secondary oocyte

A corpus luteum develops

After the ovulation when the empty follicle produces progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin

Female have 2 uterine tubes that

Extend from the uterus to the ovary

The two tubes are the pathway

for the sperm to reach the ovum and for the secondary oocytes and fertilized ova to travel to the uterus

The end of the tubes are

The infundibulums

What projects from the tubes in womens reproductive systems?

fimbriae

What is the widest part of the tubes?

Ampulla

The uterine tubes have 3 layers:

Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa

The simple ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa contains

Cilia that move the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte towards the uterus

Peg cells in the tube secrete

A fluid providing nourishment for the ovum

The uterus is part of the pathway

For sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tube

The top of the uterus

Fundus

The central part of the uterus

Body

The inferior extension into the vagina

Cervix

The isthmus is between the

Body and the cervix

The uterus is where a

Fertilized ovum will implant

There are three layers to the uterus:

PERIMETRIUM, myometrium, endometrium

The perimetrium is the

Outermost layer of the uterus

The myometrium is the

Middle layer, consisting of three layers of smooth muscle

The endometrium is the

inner layer

The endometrium's stratus layer is

She'd each month during menstruation

The endometrium's stratus basal is layer is

Permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

Nonpregnant females experience

Cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus lasting approximately one month

The ovarian cycle includes

Changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo

The female reproductive cycle generally ranges from

24-36 days

The female reproductive cycle is divided into 4 phases:

Menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, postovulatory

The high levels of estrogens during the last part of the preovulatory phase has a

Positive feedback effect on cells secreting LH and GnRH, thus bringing about ovulation

How do contraceptive pills work?

The hormone progesterone increases, the pituitary gland prevents the secretion of FSH, causing no ovulation

In the female reproductive system, progesterone is

Extremely low/none concentration until about day 14 of the reproductive cycle, and reaches peak around day 22, and then goes back to low/none around day 28.

In the female reproductive system, LH is

Some/low concentration until day 10 and peaks at day 13. Then goes back gradually to some/low.

In the female reproductive system, estrogens are

Very low concentration, but gradually increases to a peak at day 12, then dips are day 15, and then slightly peaks again at 21, then gradually goes back to very low.

In the female reproductive system, FSH is

Some/Low and slightly peaks at 4, and then gradually dips at day 11 and peaks at 12 and then downwards curve until it slightly peaks at day 28.