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political culture
the shared set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that define the relationship between citizens and government
individualism
the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and for the decisions they make
equality of opportunity
equal rights of people to pursue life, liberty, and happiness
laissez-faire or free enterprise
an economic system in which government intrudes as little as possible in the economic transactions among citizens and businesses
rule of law
the principle that no one, including public officials, is above the law
limited government
consent of the governed; unalienable rights & Bill of Rights; social contract; checks and balances; federalism
need-based assistance
social welfare programs whose benefits are allocated to individuals demonstrating specific needs
political socialization
the experiences and factors that shape our political values, attitudes, and behaviors
political ideology
an individual's coherent set of beliefs about government and politics
generational effect
the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views
life-cycle effect
the impact of a person's age and stage in life on his or her political views
globalization
the increasing interconnectedness of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world
multinational corporations (MNCs)
companies that make, transport, and market goods and services in two or more countries
non governmental organizations (NGOs)
independent groups outside of government that work toward a public cause (mainly environmental, health, or natural disaster aid related)
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
member states join because benefits from membership outweigh loss of sovereignty over decision making (EU, WTO, UN, WHO, NATO, TPP)
outsourcing
when a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficient because workers work longer hours
public opinion
the sum of individual attitudes about government, policies, and issues
nonresponse bias
bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond
"Shy Trumper" effect
voting for Trump is socially undesirable
likely voter error
when a pollster model doesn't accurately capture
those likeliest to vote.
opinion saliency
even if someone is informed, they may not care about certain issues
opinion stability
public's opinion changes quickly due to current events and media
opinion-policy congruence
the level of correspondence between government action and majority sentiment on an issue
valence issue
an issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs
wedge/position issue
a divisive political issue, especially one that is raised by a candidate for public office in hopes of attracting or alienating an opponent's supporters.
class-consciousness
shared belief that working hard means opportunity for success
focus group
a small group of individuals assembled for a conversation about specific issues
scientific poll
a representative poll of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language
sample size
the number of individuals in a sample
random selection
a method of choosing all poll respondents in a way that does not over- or underrepresent any group of the population
representative sample
a sample that reflects the demographics of the population
weighting
a procedure in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population
sampling error
the margin of error in a poll, which usually is calculated to plus or minus three percentage points
mass survey
a survey designed to measure the opinions of the population, usually consisting of more than 1,500 responses
entrance survey
a poll conducted of people coming to an event
exit poll
a survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who or what they just voted for and why
benchmark poll
a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters
tracking poll
a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign
random digit dialing
the use of telephone numbers randomly generated by a computer to select potential survey respondents
question order
the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls
question wording
the phrasing of a question in a public opinion poll
right
something fundamental to which all have access
privilege
something subject to political process
party ideology
a party's philosophy about the proper role of government and its set of positions on major issues
party identification
an individual's attachment to a political party
conservatism
an ideology favoring more regulation of social behavior and less government interference in the economy
liberalism
an ideology favoring less government control over social behavior and more greater regulation of businesses and of the economy
libertarianism
an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty
command-and-control economy
economic policy in which government dictates much of a nation's economic activity, including the amount of production and price for goods
mixed economy
economic policy in which many economic decisions are left to individuals and businesses with the federal government regulating economic activity
gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by an economy
economic recession
a period of decline in economic activity, typically defined by two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth
unemployment rate
the percentage of people actively looking for work who cannot find jobs
inflation
the rise in the prices of goods and services
consumer price index (CPI)
a basket of fixed goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living
Keynesianism
government should inject money into the economy to counteract a contraction
supply-side theory
lower taxes on people and businesses is most effective tool to combat contractions
fiscal policy
government use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support economic activity, and stabilize the economy
monetary policy
a set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy
RR (reserve requirement)
the amount of funds that a bank holds in reserve to ensure that it is able to meet liabilities in case of sudden withdrawals
DR (discount rate)
the rate of interest which a central bank charges on its loans and advances to a commercial bank
OMOs (open market operations)
the purchase and sale of securities in the open market by a central bank
Federal Reserve System
a board of governors, Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks responsible for monetary policy
Medicare
a federal program that provides health insurance to seniors and the disabled
Medicaid
a federal program that provides health care for the poor
reliability
consistency
veracity
conformity to facts; accuracy