Data Analysis and Statistics Review

Flashcards covering key concepts and terminology in Data Analysis and Statistics.

Ultimate goal of Data Analysis (DA)

To gain insights and solve problems to help make decisions.

DA life cycle

A sequence of steps: Ask, obtain, scrub, explore, model, interpret.

Population

Entire collection of people in a study.

Sample

Subset of a population used for analysis.

Descriptive statistics

Uses data to describe a population through numbers and graphics.

Inferential statistics

Uses data collected from a sample to make inferences and predictions about the population.

Probability

Desired outcome divided by total outcome.

Random experiment

An experiment or process for which the outcome cannot be predicted with certainty.

Sample Space

The entire possible set of outcomes of a random experiment.

Event

One or more outcomes of a random experiment.

Type 1 error

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

Type 2 error

Accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false.

Independent Variable

The variable that the researcher manipulates or changes.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is observed to see if it's affected by changes in the independent variable.

Random Errors

Occur due to unpredictable fluctuations in data.

Systematic Errors

Occur consistently in the same direction, leading to inaccurate conclusions.

Parametric tests

Tests that require population data to be normally distributed.

Non-parametric tests

Tests that do not assume a normal distribution of data.

Significant finding

A result where p-value is less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance.