Fall 2026 Micro. Exam 2

enzymes

protein catalysts that carry out oxidation and reduction reactions

ribozymes

RNA functions as catalysts by cutting and splicing RNA

redox reaction

oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction

oxidation reaction (OIL)

loss of electron

reduction reaction (RIG)

gains electron

NAD+

oxidation electron carrier

NADH

reduction electron carrier

energy source(s)

photo and chemo

e- source for photo

litho

e- source for chemo

organo

carbon for photo

autotroph

carbon for chemo

heterotroph

terminal e- acceptors

aerobic respiration, anerobic respiration, and fermenters

Glycolysis process -

glycolysis → Krebs cycle → electron transport cycle

Glucose input and output

2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 pyruvates

Citric Acid cycle input and output

2 pyruvates → 2 NADH + 2 CO2 + 2 acetyl-CoA

2 acetyl-CoA → 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4 CO2

Electron Transport input and output

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + O2 → H2) + ATP

ATP requirements

energy source, electron carrier, and final electron acceptor

reduced chemicals

N2, NH3-, NH4+

reduction chemicals

H2S

reduction chemicals

Fe²+

reduction chemcials

H2O

oxidized chemicals

NO3-

oxidized chemicals

SO4²-

oxidized chemicals

Fe³+

oxidized chemicals

O2

chemolithoautotrophs -

energy from organic chemicals (CO2); produces own carbon source

chemolithoheterotrophs -

energy from inorganic source and carbon from organic source

homolactic fermentation -

produces lactic acids ONLY

heterolactic fermentation -

produces lactic acids and other compounds like CO2

alcohol fermentation -

produces ethanol and CO2

fermentation input and output -

glucose → 2 pyruvates → 2 lactic acids (lactic acid fermentation) or 2 acetaldehyde (alcohol fermentation) → 2 ethanol

aerobic respiration

needs oxygen (O2)

anerobic respiration

does not need oxygen and uses another inorganic molecule

fermentation

uses organic molecules