CLAT POST June B- 5 star topics
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103 Terms
Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
14 point memorandum signed by US and Iran on June 17th 2026, ending 3 months of direct and proxy military hostilities.
Mandates immediate cessation of operations
60 day window for negotiations for comprehensive agreement.
Duties of USA in the MoU
Develop a reconstruction and economic development framework worth a minimum of 300 billion USD
immediate lifting of US naval blockade on Iranian ports within 30 days.
Duties of Iran in MoU
Downblend stockpile of highly enriched uranium (HEU) under supervision of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Renewed uncertainty amid negotiation is because
Protest of Iran over continued Israeli military operation in Lebanon and Iranian foreign minister Abbas Araghchi saying ceasefire violation of one front is violation on all fronts.
Historical root of West Asian crisis - Post world war 1 period
Secret Sykes Picot Agreement 1916 between Britain and France partitioned territories of the declining Ottoman empire into British and French spheres without consideration for ethnic and religious divides.
Balfour Declaration 1917
Britain expressed support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine —> created “dual promise” and both Arab and Jewish communities fought over this land for years to come.
United Nations Partition Plan 1947
Proposed dividing British mandate of Palestine into a Jewish and Arab states, but rejected by Arab leaders.
First Arab-Israeli war
Declaration of State of Israel in 1948 triggered this war and led to Israel’s territorial expansion and displacement of approximately 700,000 Palestinians —> known as Nakba (Catastrophe)
Control by end of 1949
Egypt controlled Gaza strip and Jordan controlled West Bank
Six day way of 1967
Israel occupied Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza, and West Bank
Yom Kippur War of 1973 and Lebanon wars
Shifted war from state-to-state to non-state actors like Hamas and Houthis.
Iran-Israel relations before 1979
Relatively stable ties.
1979 Islamic revolution
Ayatollah Khomeini severs ties with Israel and labelled it “Little Satan” and support for non-state armed groups expands Iran’s regional influence
Iran-Israel shadow war
Cyber operations
Targeted Killings of nuclear scientists
Proxy conflicts in Lebanon and Syria
Trigger for current crisis between US, Israel and Iran - Operation Epic fury USA, Operation Lion’s roar Israel.
Targeted three strategic pillar - nuclear facilities: Natanz, Fordow, Isfahan; Iranian air defence system and ballistic missile launch sites and Islamic revolutionary guard corps (IRGC) headquarters in Tehran.
Result of Strike in Tehran
Death of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
Iran’s retaliatory strikes - Operation True Promise IV
Ballistic missiles and drone strikes targeting Israel and US military installations in regions — Al-Udeid Air base in qatar
Israels regional allies that entered the conflict
Lebanon’s Hezbollah, Yemen’s Houthis, Gaza’s Hamas
Lebanon Hezbollah attack on Israel and response
Rockets into northern Israel after Tehran strike, and Israel responded with large scale strikes on Beirut
Yemen’s Houthi attack on Israel
Missile and drone attacks targeting shipping routes and Israel which threatens global petroleum flow through the Red Sea.
Tactical development for US
Use of LUCAS one-way drones through Task Force Scorpion Strike during Operation Epic Fury.
The Islamabad MoU was signed by
US - President Donald Trump and VP J.D Vance. Iran - Parliamentary speakers Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
Moderators of MoU
Pakistan - main one, Qatar and Oman
Proposed Binding comprehensive deal
Endorsed by UNSC
Function of MoU
Interim diplomatic framework rather than a permanent peace treaty — establishes baseline commitments and initiates 60 day negotiation window.
Key Provisions of the Islamabad MoU
Ceasefire & Sovereignty (Points 1–3)
Immediate, permanent end to military operations on all fronts (including Lebanon). Both sides commit to respecting sovereignty, non-interference, and concluding a final deal within 60 days.
Key Provisions of the Islamabad MoU - Naval Blockade & Strait of Hormuz (Points 4–5)
US begins removing naval blockade immediately (complete within 30 days) and withdraws forces post-deal. Iran guarantees safe, toll-free passage through the Strait of Hormuz with full traffic restored in 30 days.
Key Provisions of the Islamabad MoU - Reconstruction & Sanctions Relief (Points 6–7, 10–11)
US and partners plan a USD 300B+ reconstruction fund for Iran. US grants immediate oil export waivers, unfreezes Iranian assets, and commits to terminating all US, UN, and IAEA sanctions under the final deal.
Key Provisions of the Islamabad MoU - Nuclear Program & Downblending (Points 8–9)
Iran re-affirms non-pursuit of nuclear weapons and agrees to downblend enriched uranium on-site under IAEA supervision. Both parties freeze current program/force levels during the 60-day window.
Key Provisions of the Islamabad MoU - Implementation & Final Deal (Points 12–14)
Establishes an executive monitoring mechanism. Final negotiations begin only after core points (ceasefire, blockade, Strait passage, waivers, asset release) are underway, culminating in a binding UNSC resolution.
Uranium enrichment issue with Iran
Before agreement, Iran was enriching uranium to a purity level of up to 60% which is close of 90% purity required for weapons grade material, but now they are downblending where HEU is mixed with LEU (Low enriched uranium) to create stockpile suitable for civilian power generation.
Maximum pressure doctrine from the US
The US’s acceptance of downblending and complete stop shows they have taken a step back from this doctrine.
Strait of Hormuz and its issues
Strategically vital maritime choke point through which a substantial proportion of global petroleum trade transits was pretty much closed during the hostilities imposed during severe disruptions and required costly rerouting around Cape of Good Hope. Now with a mandate to reopen eased the “geopolitical risk premium” built into global oil prices.
Iranian economy and assets
Oil export waivers issued by US treasury and proposed USD 300 billion reconstruction fund are collectively intended to integrate Iran into the global financial system, and its good for Iran because it’s global inflation rate stood at 53.9%.
MoU effects on Israel
Significant diplomatic setback for Israel because it mandates permanent end to military operations on all fronts including Lebanon basically containing Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) operations against Hezbollah in Southern Lebanon.
MoU’s effect on Lebanon
political situation complicated by subordination of its ceasefire with possibility of freezing Lebanon’s political status quo and entrenching armed non-state actors in positions of power rather than advancing genuine Lebanese state-building.
MoU effects on Gulf Cooperation Council states
Good because the Strait of Hormuz will be opened and they can export petroleum again. Bad because the economic recovery of Iran may directed towards ballistic missile programs.
Iran’s warning to Israel after suspension of peace talks
Military central command sent a warning to residents of Northern Israel that if Israel conducts any further strikes on Beirut or its Southern suburbs; Iran also said that they might request the Houthis to establish a second blockade at the Bab al-Mandab strait at the southern entrance to the Red Sea.
French President Emmanuel Macron’s suggestions
Contacted Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian, Trump and other Arab leaders urging recognition of the necessity of a ceasefire in Lebanon and reopening of the Strait of Hormuz.
Continued attacks
US strikes Iranian radar and drone sits and Tehran retaliated by targeting a military base in Kuwait involved with US operations.
Treat of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
Central global treaty dealing with the prevention of nuclear weapon spread, peaceful use of nuclear energy, and nuclear disarmement.
NPT Dates
Open for signature - 1 July 1968 in force - 5 March 1970
NPT depositary govs
United states, Uk, Russia
Article IX of NPT
Nuclear weapon state - any state that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive devices before 1 Jan 1967
5 nuclear weapon states per NPT
US, Russia, UK, France, China
Article I of NPT
requires nuclear-weapon States not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices to any recipient.
Article II of NPT
NPT requires non-nuclear-weapon States not to receive, manufacture, acquire, or seek assistance in manufacturing nuclear weapons.
Article III NPT
NPT requires non-nuclear-weapon States to accept safeguards through agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency.
International Atomic Energy Agency
verifies that nuclear material in non-nuclear-weapon States is not diverted from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
Article IV
NPT recognises the right of all parties to develop research, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
concluded on 14 July 2015 between Iran, the P5+1 countries and the European Union to address Iran’s nuclear programme.
P5 + 1
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany.
United Nations Security Council and JCPOA
Endorsed the JCPOA through Resolution 2231, adopted on 20 July 2015. UNSC Resolution 2231 was adopted at the 7488th meeting of the Security Council and is formally linked with the JCPOA on Iran’s nuclear programme.
JCPOA effect date and implementation
18 October 2015 and 16 Jan 2016 after IAEA verfication
JCPOA requirements for Iran
Iran to accept restrictions on uranium enrichment, uranium stockpiles, centrifuge use and nuclear-related activities for specified periods, limited ranium enrichment level to 3.67 per cent for the relevant restriction period under the agreement, limited enriched uranium stockpile to 300 kilograms of uranium hexafluoride enriched up to 3.67 per cent, or the equivalent in other chemical forms, restricted enrichment activities mainly to the Natanz facility during the relevant restriction.
Union Gov issued a blocking order against Telegram when and under what grounds?
June 16th, 2026 under Section 69A of the Information Technology (IT) Act 2000
Why did they issue this blocking order against Telegram?
because of the NEET-UG paper leak controversy citing Telegrams failure to contain organized cheating networks as the principle justification for the platform-wide temporary ban.
What did telegram do in return and what resulted of it?
telegram challenged this in the Delhi HC but Delhi HC upheld the gov’s emergency blocking order against telegram.
Basis of Telegram’s challenge
Argued that telegram permits the blocking of specific content only and does not authorize a platform-wide ban and that the order reflected non-application of mind given the company’s extensive cooperation w/ the authorities. Telegram also submitted a report before the court that it had removed flagged content within hours of notice and had taken down over 900 links related to unlawful NEET content. Company also argued that they were being unfairly singled out.
When did Delhi HC provide their judgement?
June 19th, 2026
Delhi HC’s justification for Judgement
Center follows all reqs of the Section 69A and because “Information” is broad enough to encompass software and computer programmes and that since Telegram functions through software infrastructure constituting a “computer resource” the government was legally empowered to direct a temporary platform level block. Also the center’s position that the operators of fraudulent networks created new ones once their original got shut down shows that platform wide shut down is necessary before the exam
Who hosts NEET-UG?
NTA - National Testing Agency
When was NEET initially and when was it rescheduled to?
May 3rd to June 21st
When was the test cancelled and what happened as a result?
May 14th and affected over 22 lakh registered candidates and handed over the investigation to CBI which registered a FIR under multiple provisions of the BNS.
How many questions were leaked
120/410
CBI’s FIR provisions
Criminal conspiracy, cheating, criminal breach of trust, theft and destruction of evidence under the BNS along with relevant sections of the Prevention of corruption act and Public examination (Prevention of Unfair means) Act 2024.
Historical context of the 2024 NEET-UG paper leak
Similar paper leak occurred but no retest despite petitions because center claimed that there was no large-scale breach and a localized paper leak had occured in Jharkhand and Bihar. Union education Minister characterized it as an Isolated Incident.
Result of 2024 NEET-UG paper leak
Seven-member committee established by the center recommended enhanced security measures such as biometric verification for candidates, police escort for examination papers, GPS enabled vehicals.
Section 69A of the IT act, 2000
Empowers the Central gov or its specially authorized officers to direct any government agency or intermediary to block public access to information generated, transmitted, received, stored, or hosted in any computer source.
Specific grounds for invocation of the Section 69A of the IT act
Sovereignty and integrity of India
Defence of India
Security of the state
Maintenance of public order
prevention of incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence relating to the foregoing grounds.
Rule 9 of IT (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking for Access of Information by Public) rules, 2009
Gov can bypass the mandatory pre-decisional hearing for intermediaries in cases of strict emergency, enabling immediate enforcement without prior notice to the concerned platform.
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015)
Upheld constitutional validity of Section 69A because provisions contain adequate procedural safeguards, including requirement to record reasons in writing and the constitution of review committee to oversee blocking orders. But held Section 66A as invalid because it overly broad and arrests for online speech on the basis of it’s provisions would violate Article 19(1)(a) and could not be justified by Article 19(2)
Telegram’s function as the “New Dark web”
Characterization assigned by the center to telegram due to note of
Concealment of phone numbers
end-to-end encryption
Creates issue for law enforcement agencies to track malicious actors
Retroactive message editing capabilities
Capacity to facilitate file sharing of files of up to 2 gigabytes
Gov found link of sharp increase in cybercrime complaints linked to Telegram.
Constitutional and legal rights in conflict w/ blocking order
Article 19(1)(a)
Article 19(1)(g)
Article 19(2)
Section 79 of IT Act
Article 19(1)(a)
All citizens fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression, right to express views through words, writing, print, pictures, digital media, and the press, freedom to access and disseminate information.
Article 19(1)(g)
Right to practice any profession or carry on any occupation, trade, or business. Telegram ban affects approximately 150 million users in India
Article 19(2)
State can impose reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech in interest of sovereignty, security of state, friendly foreign relations, public order, decency or morality, contempy of court, defamation, and incitement to offence, provided such restriction is legally backed, reasonable, and connected to permitted ground.
Section 79 of IT Act
Intermediary safe harbor protection exempting platforms from third-party content liability if they exercise due diligence, comply with IT Rules 2021, and act swiftly upon receiving actual knowledge of unlawful content.
IT (procedure and safeguards for blocking access to information by the Public) rules, 2009
Prescribe procedural safeguards that must accompany orders issued under Section 69A.
IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media ethics code) Rules, 2021
Requires social media intermediaries and digital new publishers to comply with due diligence norms, remove unlawful content when directed, maintain three tier grievance redressal mechanism involving self-regulation, oversight bodies, and government supervision.
BNS 2023 Section 296
Penalizes obscene acts in public places
BNS 2023, Section 299
Punishes deliberate acts intended to outrage religious feelings
BNS 2023, Section 300
Criminalizes disturbance of religious assemblies or worship
Standards of public order and decency applicable to ____________
Online speech
Section 66 of IT Act 2000
Addresses computer related offences including hacking and unauthorized access.
Section 66E of IT Act 2000
Protects against privacy violations through unauthorized sharing of private images.
Section 67 of IT Act 2000
Penalizes the publication or transmission of obscene material online.
Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950)
Struck down ban on journal on the basis that restrictions on speech must be justified by specific reasons and not broad reasons.
Brij Bhushan Sharma v. State of Delhi (1950)
SC invalidated a prior censorship on newspaper saying that such restraints violate freedom of expression when there is no clear threat to public order.
Sakal Papers Ltd v. Union of India (1961)
SC struck down restrictions on newspaper pricing and ads because economic restrictions can place unreasonable restrictions on freedom of speech
Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India
SC held that freedom of speech and freedom to engage in trade through the internet are protected under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g) and also said that indefinite internet shutdowns are unconstitutional and orders restricting internet access must satisfy tests of necessity and proportionality.