Assigned Reading #6

What two lines of inquiry clarify the relationship between biological and environmental factors?

Twins (identical and fraternal) and adoption.

What has historical research suggested about intelligence and criminal behavior?

Initially, lower IQs led to more crime; now, socio-economic status and parenting quality are recognized as important factors.

What does research on youth offending suggest about diet and nutrition?

Diet and nutrition significantly influence youth offending, linking deficiencies in key nutrients to aggressive behavior.

What is the life course theory (LCT)?

LCT is an integrated theory examining factors leading to crime and how criminal behavior changes throughout life.

What is biological determinism?

The belief that behavior, including criminal behavior, is shaped by biological traits like genetics.

What is biosocial criminology?

A field within criminology that explains criminal behavior through genetic and evolutionary factors.

Why has biosocial criminology been marginalized?

Due to resistance from the negative history of eugenics, racism, and fascism associated with biological crime theories.

What are the differences between Lombrosian biocriminology and contemporary biosocial criminology?

Lombroso focused on physical traits, while contemporary biosocial criminology looks at genetics and environmental interactions.

What was the alternative theory proposed by Lombroso's critics?

The theory of degeneration, suggesting criminals have regressed to a lower evolutionary state.

How has the perception of criminals changed over the last century?

Criminals are now seen as more evolved and adapted to modern, complex societies, contrasting with Lombroso's view of primitive traits.

How do the authors explain the flipping of the evolutionary hierarchy?

It reflects a shift towards viewing society as a harsh environment where criminals are better adapted to survive.