ANTHRO 2A STUDOC MIDTERM 2

Kinship

Diversity in terms (categories of kin) and diversity in underlying logic of kinship ties.

Enduring Diffuse Solidarity

Family expresses solidarity and support which lasts and continues even through time.

Kin Terms

List of words/terms used in a particular language to refer to all of the different types of relatives one has.

Biological Kin Types

Notation and definitions of family relations such as Mother (M), Father (F), Son (S), Daughter (D), Child (C), Brother (B), Sister (Z), Husband (H), Wife (W).

Nuclear Family

A nuclear family is just a married mother and father with kids.

Extended Family

Expanded family refers to the group of relatives outside of the parents and kids.

Extended Family Household

An extended family household refers to 3 or more generations.

Industrialism and Family Organization

General differences by class and general changes in North.

Age of Marriage

Has increased.

Size & Composition of Households

Size has decreased and increasing number of single-parent households.

Divorce Rates

Increasing but not as bad as other places.

Descent Group

Includes people who share common ancestry - they descend from the same common ancestor.

Bilateral Descent

You are split equally between your mom's and dad's side (active in descent, ie; 4 grandparents).

Unilineal Descent

Descent traced from exclusively through one gender.

Patrilineal Descent

Through the father's side; more common.

Matrilineal Descent

Through the mother's side.

Lineage

Descent group based on demonstrated descent in a unilineal manner to a common ancestor; you can't marry someone in your same lineage.

Patrilineage

Where the kids belong to the husband's lineage; dies when no sons are born.

Matrilineage

Where the kids belong to the wife's lineage; dies when no daughters are born.

Clan

Unilineally related lineages, a descent group based on stipulated descent.

Patriclan

A clan tracing descent through the male line.

Matriclan

A clan tracing descent through the female line.

Kindred

All the blood relatives of an individual (both sides), ego-centered networks of bilateral, affinal, and fictive kin.

Genitor & Pater

Biological Father and someone who performs the duties of a father.

Corporate Groups

Controlling assets collectively; family-owned house/land etc.

Descent

Keeps track of descent through social structures and social groups

Full status rights

Rights given to children through marriage

Affines

Affinal relatives, or in-laws, gained through marriage

Monogamy

Practice of being married to one spouse

Polygamy

Two or more spouses legally married at the time

Polygyny

More than one WIFE at a time

Polyandry

More than one HUSBAND at a time

Himalayan Agriculturists & Polyandry

Intensive agriculture at high altitudes of the Himalayas with a shortage of land

Land Tenure

The ownership of land and the process of holding and transmitting it

Fraternal polyandry

When the woman marries brothers to maintain population size and work together on land

Primogeniture

When the land goes to the oldest brother

Incest Taboo

Prohibition on sex (not marriage) between certain people who are related (close kin)

Exogamy

Marrying outside of your own group or category or line or clan

Endogamy

Marrying inside of your own group or category or line or clan, which can include social class

Caste System of India

Marrying inside your own class to maintain status hierarchies, where caste position does not change

Matrilocal Residence

AKA Uxorilocal residence; living in the mother's area

Patrilocal Residence

AKA Virilocal residence; living in the father's area, keeping fathers and sons together

Neolocal Residence

Living in different places from their parents

Bridewealth

Payment from husband's people to bride's people

Dowry

Transfer from wife's people to husbands (giving wealth)

Bride Service

The husband and wife move to wife's family, and the husband works for the bride's people for a period of time

Marriage Exchanges

Wealth moving in both directions, where the husband lives with bride's people and works for them

Nuer Marriage & Descent

Patrilineal, clan, polygenous, with paid bridewealth in cattle

Nuer Kinship and Sociopolitical Relations

Relations among elders and sons, husbands and wives

Generation

Ascending Generation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc) includes parents, affines, grandparents, etc.

Ego's Own Generation

The person from which we begin from and includes cousins

Descending Generation

Ego's own children, nieces, nephews, etc.

Matrilateral Biological Kin Types

Related through your mother (MZS, MBSS, etc.)

Patrilateral Biological Kin Types

Related through your father (FZS, FBD)

Parallel cousins

Children of your father's or mother's same-sex siblings

Matrilateral parallel cousins

For ex, MZS, MZF

Cross cousins

Children of your father's or mother's opposite-sex siblings

Matrilateral cross cousins

For ex, MBS, MBD

Band

Small kin-based groups with no formal relations between groups and no institutionalized relations between local groups

Tribe

Larger than bands, organized by kinship, without chiefs, and based on farming or herding with no means of enforcing political decisions

Chiefdom

Kin-based, centralized points of authority with chiefs that come about with one lineage of a clan

State

Leaders have authority based on territory, not a group of kin, and regulate population, encompassing all societies of the world

4th World Peoples

People that have been incorporated into states

Nuer Segmentary Lineage System

A tribe is associated with a specific clan, each section of the tribe is associated with a division within clan, and each village is associated with a lineage division of the clan

Blood feud

Between lineages or above and paid with blood wealth

Pantribal Sodalities

Principles other than kinship can link groups of people, called associations or sodalities which serve a linking function

Masai: Age Grades

For example, young, Warrior, Elder, etc.

Age Sets

Group of similar aged people who go through an age grade together.

Stratification

Creation of separate social strata or classes.

Egalitarianism

Info

Status - Ascribed & Achieved

Info

Strata

Unrelated groups that differ in their access to wealth, prestige and power.

Class

Info

Mode of Production & Means of Production

Info

Bourdieu

Every social order tries to make their own arbitrariness seem natural.

Economic capital

Info

Social capital

Info

Cultural capital

Info

Authority

Info

Headman

Also referred to as the village head; chosen based on personal characteristics (bravery, persuasiveness, etc.); lacks right to give orders, can only persuade others; can also act as mediator.

Bigman

Basically a village head but support came from several villages instead of only one; got position through hard work and good judgement.

Moka in New Guinea Highlands

Competitive exchange of debts.

Chief

Present only in chiefdom.

Political Leaders in States

Info

Holism

Info

Ethnographic Fieldwork

Info

Survey Research

Info

Matriliny

Descent through the female line.

Patriliny

Descent through the male line.

Patriarchy

Society ruled by men; associated toward violence; women are inferior.

Matriarchy

Society ruled by women; also matrilineal.

Gender Stratification

Inequality between genders.

Minangkabau 'Matriarchy' (Sumatra)

In Indonesia, males and females relate more like partners for the greater good rather than one gender above another.

Men represent community

A social structure where men play a central role in community representation.

Women own land

A societal norm where women have ownership rights over land.

Transgender Identity

An identity that encompasses individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.

Hijra

A recognized third gender in South Asia, often associated with specific cultural roles.

Third gender

A category for individuals who do not fit into the traditional male and female gender binary.

Berdache

A term for indigenous North American people who do not conform to Western gender norms.

Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea

An indigenous group known for their unique cultural practices and social structures.