World History: Reformation and Renaissance

How many territorial states dominated Italy during the late middle ages?

5

Which Italian city state was located at the crossroads of trade routes through the alps?

Milan

Venice was lead by the elected doge leader, but who really held the power?

the pope

Which Italian city state was the cultural center of the renaissance?

Florence

Which family controlled Florence?

de Medicis

Which Italian city state was the only one controlled by a hereditary monarch?

Naples

European monarch that invaded Italy in 1494 for wealth/trade:

Charles VII

What country did Italy seek assistance from after the french invasion?

Spain

Why did Dante write "Divine Comedy" in the native language of Florence?

He wanted everyone to be able to read and understand it.

What did humanists believe about education?

Humanists saw education as preparation for life/citizenship.
Humanists believed education could change humans.
Liberal arts like history/ethics/poetry were core subjects.

Who is considered the first of the Italian renaissance artists?

Masaccio

What did Brunelleschi contribute to architecture?

large exterior domes

Which three artists thrived during the renaissance?

Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

Which artist first used oil paints?

Jan Van Eyck

Scientist that confirmed the theory of a sun-centered universe?

Galileo

What is a fresco?

painting done on fresh wet plaster and water-based paints

scientist who proposed three laws of planetary motion:

Kepler

What is perspective?

an artist technique that gives a three dimensional depth to a two dimensional surface

What is the movement of the renaissance based on the study of humanities?

humanism

Father of Italian renaissance:

Petrarch

Who wrote "The Prince"?

Niccolo Machiavelli

What was the main goal of Christian humanists?

reform of the catholic church

What caused calls for reform in the church?

Corruption of the papacy.
Inability of priests to offer guidance to their people.
Sale of indulgences

What is justification by faith?

belief that salvation comes from faith and not good works (believed by Martin Luther)

What did Luther do on October 31, 1517

he proposed his 95 Theses.

Who asked German princes to overthrow the church and establish reformed churches?

Martin Luther

What were the results of the Peasant's War?

Luther had to rely on governments to spread his new church.

What is the Edict of Worms?

Order from Holy Roman Emperor making Luther an outlaw.

Why is the Peace of Augsburg important?

it marked the end of Christian unity in Europe.

What events led King Henry VII to break with the Catholic Church?

He wanted to divorce his wife Katherine of Aragon.
The Pope denied his request to divorce and remarry.
King Henry divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn.

During which monarch's reign did the church become more protestant?

Edward VI

What was Queen Mary I's nickname because she persecuted protestants?

Bloody Mary

Which protestant group believed in separation between church and state?

Anabaptists

Who founded the Jesuits?

St Ignatius of Loyola

Who sought to reform the papacy by creating a reform commission in 1535?

Pope Paul III

Belief that the human ability to reason/improve oneself should focus on religious teachings:

Christian Humanism

Belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will not:

predestination

Christian philosopher who believed Christianity should show people how to live good lives

Erasmus

What is an indulgence?

a release from all or part of the punishment for sin by reducing time in purgatory after death

Essay question:
What three events led to catholic reformation?

1. establishment of Jesuits
2. reform the papacy
3. Council of Trent

Essay Question:
Describe the events surrounding the protestant reformation-who started it? Why did it happen? What happened? What were the results? How did it impact the renaissance world-how was it different from the middle ages?

Martin Luther
he did not believes in buying or selling forgiveness (indulgences) He believed faith should led to forgiveness/salvation
It result in Protestant branch of Christianity
different from middle ages because different religious ideas