Research Methods

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable manipulated by the researcher to check its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable being measured by the researcher in an experiment.

Laboratory Experiment

An experiment conducted in a controlled, unnatural environment where the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher.

Field Experiment

An experiment that takes place in a natural setting, with the independent variable manipulated by the researcher.

Natural Experiment

An experiment occurring in a natural setting where the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher; changes happen naturally.

Quasi-Experiment

An experiment where the researcher has control over the procedure but not over the allocation of participants.

Demand Characteristics

Characteristics of the study that make participants alter their behavior based on cues about what is expected of them.

Ecological Validity

The extent to which research results represent real-life behavior.

Counterbalancing

A method used to reduce order effects by varying the order of conditions in a repeated measures design.

Operationalisation

Defining variables to accurately manipulate, measure, quantify, and replicate in research.

Pilot Study

A small-scale study conducted to test and refine a research methodology before the main study.

Random Sampling

A sampling method where participants are chosen randomly to represent the target population.

Quantitative Data

Data expressed in numerical format, allowing for statistical analysis.

Qualitative Data

Data written in a non-numerical format, often capturing opinions and feelings.

T-test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

Informed Consent

Participants must be fully aware of the aim of the study and agree to take part.

Confidentiality

Participants' identities and personal data should be protected from public disclosure.

Test-Retest Reliability

The reliability of a test measured by comparing scores from two separate instances of the same test.

Inter-rater Reliability

The degree of agreement among different researchers interpreting qualitative data.

Generalisation

The extent to which research results apply to a broader population beyond the study sample.