Anatomy weekly

Occupation is

meaningful and purposeful

What are performance skills?

motor, process & social interactions

what are motor skills?

Physical contribution- reaching, stabilizing, manipulation & walking

Process Skills

cognitive, emotional & psychosocial skills

social interaction skills

speaking

Functional anatomy

underlying body structures that contribute to movements for ADLS

relates to motor performance

functional mobility

moving from one place to another

kinesiology

study of human Anat mechanics & relation to human movement

Anatomica Pos

upright, feet apart, head foward, arms at sides

posterior

back

dorsal

back

anterior

front

volar

front

ventral

front

medial

towards middle

lateral

away from middle

proximal

close to trunk

distal

away from trunk

superior

above

inferior

below

cranial

direction of skull

caudal

beneath on toward tail

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opp side of body

sagittal plane

divides to right and left side, midline, flexion & extension

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides body into anterior and posterior, adduction, abduction

transverse plane

divides body into inferior & superior, rotatory movements

Axes of motion

joints rotate around this

frontal axis

medial & lateral

sagittal axis

anterior to posterior

vertical axis

inferior to superior

closed chain

stable, functional movement occurs @ proximal joint, no distal joint movement

example of closed chain movements

crawling, squats, push ups

open chain

functional movement @ distal joint, joints can move independently

Examples of open chain

handwriting, waving hands

joint reaction force

Force generated within the joint in response to external forces acting upon it

what is a force that is always on body

gravity

static

nonmoving forces

kinetic

forces on an object causing movement

tensile force

pulling motion

tendon contraction

compressive force

pushing

spine and lower extremities

linear force

2 or more forces acting on a line

Parallel force

2 or more forces in the same plane

why do you have to be carful when stretching a patient?

can stretch a ligament too far, causing a sprain

Torque

rotary force around an axis

linear force acting on an object at a certain distance from axis of rotation

levers

bone + axis of rotation (joint) + 2 opposing forces (effort & resistance)

longer levers do what?

increase magnitude of torque

mechanical advantage

the further the muscle & amount of force from the axis the grater the leverage

first class levels

resistance & effort on opp ends & balanced between axis

If one side is heavier than the other, the object will need to be shortened to maintain balance

Second class lever

The resistance is in the center, between the applied force and the fulcrum

small force can move a large weight

third class lever

The most common levers in the body

The applied force is in the center between the resistance and the fulcrum

requires a greater force to move a smaller resistance, but maximizes speed & distance traveled

grater mechanical advantage

effort arm (muscle) is greater than load arm (weight)

where do biceps have mechanical advantage

90 degree angle

force couple

2 equal but opposite direction

Stress

Amount of applied force per area

Strain

amount of material displacement under specific amounts of stress

Elasticity

The ability to stretch & return to the original shape

Elastic deformation

Ability to return to normal shape after strain

Yield point

maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure

plastic deformation

permanent deformation of tissue but retains continuity = joint instability

sprain

cortical bone

grater mineral content than collagen

shaft of long bones

rigid support

spongy bones

higher collagen content

found in marrow cavity & at end of long bones

articular (hyaline) cartilage

covers ends of long bones

dense connective tissue ti absorb force between bones

tendons

connect muscle to bone

transfer force

ligaments

connect bone to bone

joint stability

joint capsule

dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint

passive stability

contains synovial fluid (within membrane)

aponeurosis

fiderous insertion that connects adjacent muscles

skeletal muscle

move bones of skeleton

provides force for functional & purposeful movements

myofibrils (long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins)

Sarcomeres (contractile units of muscle)

muscle is strongest in

midrange position

motor unit

a single motor neuron & the muscle fibers it innervates

commands are all or none

strength of muscle is because of

number of motor units contracting not on strength of signal

fascia

noncontractie (passive) tissues within the muscle

flaccid muscle

results from loss of innervation to muscle

hyoertonia

muscle with increased tone

muscle spindles

elongated & encapsulated structures within muscle fibers

in muscle belly

sensory receptors-signal detects changes in muscle length

protects muscle- activates agonist if over stretched

Golgi tendon organs

proprioceptive stretch receptors

more sensitive than spindles

@ junction of muscle & tendon (located in tendon)

slow twitch fibers

Type 1 fibers

low force over long period of time

more resistant to fatigue

good for control (sitting @ desk)

fast twitch fibers

type 2 fibers

powerful contraction

typing on your computer

why is length-tension balance important

Mandible

mobile floor of mouth

Hyoid

attachment for the muscles involved for swallowing & speech

not attached to bones only muscles

elevates & depresses when swallowed

Paranasal Sinuses

decreases the weight of the head

voice quality

vary in size

larynx

voice box

not a bone

Epiglottis

protects from aspiration

oral cavity

mouth to soft palate

beginning of the digestive tract

inhalation/respiration

pharynx

leads to esphagus & larynx

formed by 2 layers of muscle for swallowing

respatory/digestive

Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ)

synovial joint, move together, functional mandible

Functional motions of mandible

Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Lateral Deviation

What is the mandible essential for

Essential for eating, hygiene, singing, facial expression

How many times does TMJ move a day

2000-3000

Masseter

Elevates and protrudes mandible

Temporalis

Elevates and retracts mandible

Medial Pterygoid & Lateral Pterygoid

deviation of mandible to grind food

Suprahyoids

elevates hyoid bone, depresses mandible

Infrahyoids

depress hyoid during speech & swallowing

Zygomatic Arch

bong ridge composed of parts of the zygomatic maxillary Bone that form the Superior Skeletal Border of the cheek

Foramen magrum

in the occipital bone for the spinal for the spinal cord and vertebral artries

external auditory metus

passage of sound to eardurm

Supraorbital Foramen

in the frontal bone for the Supraorbital vein, artery, and nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve)

Infraorbital Foramen

In the maxilla for the infraorbital nerve