AP Biology Unit 2

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs inside a cell that help transport, store, or digest substances

Detoxification

Cell converts toxic substances into water-soluble compounds that the body can easily excrete

Glycoprotein

Carbohydrates attached to membrane protein

Cisternae

Flattened membrane-bound sacs that make up the structural framework of the Golgi apparatus and the ER

cis-

Receiving dock of the Golgi Apparatus facing the Rough ER

trans-

Shipping dock of the Golgi Apparatus facing away from the ER toward the outer plasma membrane

Hydrolytic/Hydrolyze

Breaking down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule

Phagocytosis

Cell engulfs large particle by wrapping its outer membrane around it and digesting it with enzymes

Autophagy

Cell consumes and recycles its own damaged parts

Apoptosis

Cell death

Stroma

Fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast that surrounds the flattened stacks of thylakoids (grana)

Thylakoid

Green singular disks where light energy is absorbed

Mitochondrial Matrix

Fluid-filled internal compartment enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Grana

Stacks of green disks called thylakoids inside the stroma of a chloroplast

Cristrae

Highly folded inner structures of a mitochondrion’s inner membrane

Cytosol

Semi-fluid jelly substane inside a cell that surrounds and suspends all the organelles

Microvilli

Tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project outward from the surface of certain eukaryotic cells

Selective Permeability

Property of the cell membrane to allow some substances to pass while preventing others from doing so

Amphipathic

Molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Hydrophobic

Fear water, non-polar, and non-soluble

Hydrophilic

Affinity for water

Fluid Mosaic Model

Moving phospholipid bilayer composed of varying types of molecules (proteins, steroids, carbohydrates)

Glycolipids

Lipids with a short carbohydrate chain covalently attached

Extracellular

Outside the cell

Plasmolyze

Process when plant cell loses water and shrinks inside its cell wall when placed in hypertonic environment

Peptidoglycan

Large tough polymer made of sugars and amino acids that forms the protective cell wall of almost all bacteria

Diffusion

Passive movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Concentration Gradient

Difference in the amount of a substance between two distinct areas, like a plasma membrane

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across cell membrane without added energy (ATP)

Exocytosis

Active transport where a cell expels large amounts of material/macromolecules by fusing an internal vesicle with the outer plasma membrane

Endocytosis

Active transport where a cell takes in material/macromolecules from the outside environment by folding its plasma membrane inward to create a pocket, forming new vesicles

Pinocytosis

Cell takes in extracellular fluid with dissolved solutes into tiny vesicles

Receptor-Mediated

Receptor proteins on cell membrane are used to capture specific target molecules

Transport Proteins

Membrane proteins that span across the phospholipid bilayer to help specific hydrophilic substances cross the plasma membrane

Channel Proteins

Aquaporins

Transfer proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across plant cell membranes

Facilitated Diffusion

Ion Channel

Gated Channel

Active Transport

Membrane Potential

Electrochemical Gradient

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Proton Pump

Tonicity

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Turgid

Lysed/Lysis

Plasmolyzed

Osmoregulation

Apoplast

Symplast

Cotransport

Water Potential

Solute Potential

Pressure Potential

Osmotic

Protoplast

Turgor Pressure

Osmoconformer

Osmoregulator

Endosymbiotic Theory