cell bio unit 1

biosphere

everywhere where there are living organisms

ecosystem

live and non-living things in a (large) region

community

collection of all species that live in an area

populations

specific species

organism

single individual

organs

collection of tissues forming focused role

tissues

collections of cells working to perform focused role

cell

basic unit of life, all living things made up of at least one cell

organelles

specialized sub cellular structures perofrming focused roles

molecules

2 or more atoms bound together

atoms

basic unit, building block of chem

particles

building blocks of atoms

neutron

neutral charge, in nucleus, makes up part of atomic mass

proton

positive charge, in nucleus, makes up part of atomic mass

electron

negative charge, in shells, basically no mass

valence shells

outermost shell

ions

result form imbalance of protons and electrons (gain or loss of electron)

anion

negative, gained electron

cation

positive, lost electron

isotopes

atom w extra neutron than would normally have

molecule

2 or more atoms bound together

physical bond

sharing of electrion (covalent bond)

charge based bond

joined by attraction of oppostive charges, ionic, vanderwaals, hydrogen bonds

covalent bonds

sharing of a pair of electrons between valence shells of atoms (strongest in bio)

electronegativity

strength of which an atom holds it electrons

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons b/w atoms

ionic bonds

attraction b/w anionic & cationic atom

hydrogen bond

involves part of molecule that has a partial charge due to polar covalent bond within molecule involving H

van der waals interaction

very small partial charges devleop across bond due to brief unequal distribution of electrons (non polar)

cohesion

water molecules interact w/ other water molecules (stick together)

adhesion

water molecule interacts w/other molecules (sticks to others/adhere)

hydrophobic

non-polar, does not like to interact w/water (no partial charges)

hydrophilic

polar bonds/molecules, interacts w/water (partial charges)

hydroxyl

makes molecule more hydrophilic, acts as weak acid, molecule neg charge

carboxyl

acts as acid, molecule neg charged, makes molecule more hydrophilic

amine/amino

acts as base, makes molecule pos charged, makes molecule more hydrophilic

sulfhydryl

when 2 groups meet form bond w disulfide bridge

phosphate

acts as an acid, makes molecule neg charged, makes molecule more hydrophilic

monomer

molecule bonded to identical molecules that make up polymers

polymer

substance with molecular structure consisting of large number of similar units bonded together

dehydration/condensation rxn

removal of water to form polymers

hydrolysis rxn

addition of water to break down polymer

carbohydrates

starches and sugars, typically end in “ose” made of C1H2O1 ratio

lipids

fats and oils, hydrophobic, C-H bonds,

polysaccharides

polymer of carbohydrates

glycogen

longs strands of glucose for storage in humans

starch

long strands of glucose for storage in plants

cellulose

glucose strands for cell wall in plants

fatty acids

long hydrocarbon chains w/carboxyl group at the end, chain length varies & internal structure of chain, 2 types

unsaturated fatty acid

has double bonds, change orientation, kinks, does not stack nicely, easier to break apart

saturated fatty acid

all carbon-carbon single bonds, stacks nicely, more fluid, harder to break apart bc closer together

polyunsaturated fatty acid

multiple double bonds

carbohydrate roles in cell

energy, cell signaling, structure

lipids roles in cell

membrane components, signaling

monosaccharide

specific monomer for carbohydrates

disulfide bridge

covalent bonds formed b/w 2 sulfhydryl groups on proteins, role in protein folding

triglyceride

storage form of fatty acids, glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids

phospholipids

glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group, hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of molecule

sterols/steroids

very hydrophobic, hydrocarbon rings, type of lipid

protein roles

enzymes (ase), structural components (in)

protein monomer

amino acid

protein polymer

polypeptide

amino acid

amine group (N terminus) and carboxyl functional group (C terminus) with R group that varies

primary structure

strands of amino acids in order and length, held together by covalent bonds

secondary structure

folding driven by hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids, alpha helices and beta sheets

tertiary structure

protein folds all over itself, many proteins at this stage are finished, held together through ionic bonds (charged R groups), covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds (partially charged R groups), and van der waals interactions (hydrophobic clustering)

quaternary structure

joining of 2 or more polypetpdides in the tertiary structure that cannot function yet because they are not in the right shape, held together by same bonds as tertiary

nucleic acids

information carrying molecules, DNA and RNA

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

nucleotide

made up 3 parts, sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base, varies in RNA and DNA

ribonucleotide

ribose, pentose, ring form, 2 OH groups, on 2’ and 3’, phosphate on 5’, nitrogenous base on 1’, (AGCU)

deoxyribonucleotide

deoxyribose, pentose, ring form, H on 2’, OH on 3’, phosphate group on 5’, nitrogenous base on 1’ (AGCT)

purines (ribonucleotide/deoxyribonucelotide)

2 rings, adenine, guanine

pyrimidines (ribonucleotide)

1 ring, cytosine, uracil

pyrimidine (deoxyribonucleotide)

1 ring, cytosine, thymin

nucleic acid polymer

polynucleotides, dinucleotides…

micelle

1 type of natural soln formed to minimize FA exposure to water, lipids organize themselves into circle with hydrophilic pieces facing out towards water

phospholipid bilayer

multiple rows of lipids with hydrophobic pieces touching and hydrophilic pieces facing out toward water

cytoplasmic membrane

phospholipid bilayer, contains phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

proteins

2 types, integral and peripheral, aid in membrane transport

integral protein

spans membrane, at least one hydrophobic portion, involved in membrane transport

peripheral protein

stay to periphery of membrane, more hydrophilic

cholesterol

lipid, multi ringed, very hydrophobic, sits with fatty acids to break up their stacking, breaks up fluidity

carbohydrates (w cytoplasmic membrane)

polysaccharide chains attached to membrane components (2 types)

glycoprotein

sugars attached to proteins

glycolipid

sugars attached to phospholipids

gradient

difference in concentration of “stuff” across a space

diffusion

movement with the gradient

channel protein

provides open path for molecules, molecules diffuse down gradient, facilitated diffusion

carrier proteins

active transport, go against energy to move, going against conc. gradient

bulk transport

method of transporting bulky molecules across membrane, two types

endocytosis

bulk transport, bringing molecules into cell

exocytosis

bulk transport, cell membrane fuses with an organelle membrane to release material out of the cell

phagocytosis

endocytosis with food particles

pinocytosis

endocytosis with liquid

hypotonic solution

solution has low conc. gradient, water goes into the cell

isotonic

no conc. gradient, at equilibrium

hypertonic

soln has high conc. gradient, water moves out of cell

nucleus

contains dna in eukaryotes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lipid synthesis in cell