Public Speaking Chapters 1-5

process of speech preparation

steps taken to write a quality speech that meets the goals of the speech

global decisions

in speaking, the significant decisions that determine the overall shape and texture of the speech, including topic selection, goal of speech, and organization of material (ex: topic, thesis, audience outcome goal, main points)

local decisions

in speaking, the decisions that affect only part of the speech (ex: introduction, support materials, language, SUBORDINATE POINTS, delivery, conclusion)

decision factors

refers to any significant element that influences the speaker's personal freedom to make decisions about a speech (ex: assignment, context, audience background, physical location, resources, speaker's choices and freedoms)

speech goals

the points of giving a speech; includes persuasion, inform, entertain

expectations and conventions

what the audience is anticipating out of a speech

listener characteristics

being aware of what the audience knows and is interested in, and giving a speech that will intrigue them

indirect approach for analysis

observations of the audience

demographic features

obvious individual characteristics that allow the observer to place audience members in categories by those features

direct approach for analysis

asking questions of the audience or serving them

speaker resources

tools that the speaker possesses

outside resources

tools that the speaker gains from other people and sources like books or the internet

elements of physical location

being aware of your surroundings when giving a speech such as knowing if microphone is necessary, if it's a large or small audience, temperature, and what type of technology is available

audience need to know

picking up a topic that the audience will understand so that they can benefit from it

oral speech thesis

written for the audience to guide them in mentally participating in and following the speech

secondary speech goal

goals made for a speech other than the main goal; it is not the sole focus, but should still be accomplished

mutual inclusiveness

everything included in the Main Points also is included in the Thesis

audience outcome goal statement

written by speakers to serve as a guide throughout the speech construction phase

planning thesis

written for the the speaker by the speaker to guide his or her speech building choices

primary speech goal

the main point that the speaker is trying to get across

main points

the thoughts used by the speaker to argue their thesis

cognitive changes

occur in what we call the mind; these are set when the speaker plans that the audience will a) learn something new, b) acquire new understanding, c) change a previously held belief, d) acquire a new belief

subordinate changes

the facts that help argue each individual main point

affective changes

emotional or attitudinal change; include emotional reactions or positive-negative feelings; usually a Secondary Audience Outcome goal

support materials

more concrete and more specific than claim statements and have the function of developing and supporting the claims of the speech

behavioral changes

results in listeners' actual changes in behavior or actions; can be either dominant or secondary

plagiarism

taking the thoughts, ideas, or words of someone and using as your own without giving credit to the source

claims

basic units of speech; general statements that the speaker asserts are true

rhetorical sensitivity

a speaker who is concerned about the feelings of the audience members

thesis statement

the central claim of the speech; one-sentence encapsulation of the speech; guides all decisions about what to say in the speech

defamation

when a speaker makes a claim against a person's character that cannot be supported with evidence; can include encouraging others to break a law

clear and present danger

potential harm on audience members rather than harming an individual who is the target of the speaker's ill will (ex: yelling "fire" in a crowded theater)

case studies

the products of deliberate study of an individual in which changes that happen to the individual are observed or analyzed to learn about, or explain, the larger set the individual represents; always fact

histories

the life history of individual people, organizations, or a natural phenomenon; may include data from many sources and viewpoints; while they report factual information in a time-change pattern, they are free to include opinions and judgments

stories

promote understanding and learning by standing for something else; serve as support for abstract ideas or concepts; may fit to illustrate more than one "moral"; can be true or false

essential narrative elements

the goals of every narrative, no matter the type: movement through time, and change

plot

the sequential series of changes that occur over time

complications

the nature of changes that heightens the plot

resolution

the final event or change in the narrative plot

characters

the appeal and emotional impact of a narrative that allows the listeners to find a point of concrete personal identification

setting

the specific physical location that the plot takes place

bookend stories

when the same story is used in both the introduction and conclusion, providing a frame for the speech

advantages of telling a narrative

easier to remember and follow, enhances interest

opener

the goal is to draw the audience into the speech; types are narrative, question, or surprising statement

introduction transition

provides the connection between the opener and the plan of speech presented in the Thesis/Preview; this is done through general background about the topic such as history, explanation, and definitions, the relevance of the topic for the audience, and the background of the speaker

relevancy for audience

a point that should be made by the speaker early on in the speech that gives the listeners a reason why they are listening to the speech

plan of speech

occurs as the last part of the Introduction; when the speaker announces the Thesis and previews the Main Points in an obvious way

internal transitions

found at each major division in the body of the speech; sentences that are used to close one thought and introduce the next

extemporaneous mode

when a speech is given without ever having been written out like a manuscript or memorized speech

introduction

purposes include grabbing audience's attention, giving background info, and giving curiosity; DOES NOT include previewing the thesis and main points