HDFS - CHAPTER 4 — FIRST TWO YEARS: SOCIAL WORLD
Call Kai
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards
Knowt Play1/30
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced | Call with Kai | Chat |
|---|
No analytics yet
Send a link to your students to track their progress
31 Terms
Infants go from basic instincts to…
learned responses
What predominates for newborns?
comfort
What types of discomfort are common for newborns?
Hurt, hunger, tiredness, and fear
When do social smiles appear?
by about 3 months
What commonly evokes a social smile?
seeing human faces, especially the mother’s
When does laughter usually emerge?
around 3-4 months
When does anger first appear?
around 6 months
What can sadness indicate in infants?
withdrawal
What hormone production increases with sadness?
cortisol
Infant sadness correlates with…
maternal depression
When does fear emerge?
around 7-9 months
What influences infant fear?
awareness of discrepancy, inborn temperament, and social experience
Separation anxiety
tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves
When is separation anxiety typical?
typical around age 1, intensifies by age 2, then usually subsides
Stranger wariness
fear of unfamiliar people, particularly when they approach too closely or quickly
How do anger and fear change in toddlerhood?
become less frequent and more focused
How do laughing and crying change in toddlerhood?
become louder and more discriminating
What influences tantrums?
social context and parental reactions
Ways to reduce tantrums
establish routines and identify/reduce family demands
Secondary emotions
emotions involving awareness of other people (pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt)
Self-awareness
realization that one’s body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people
Mirror recognition test
babies looked in a mirror after rouge was placed on their noses to test self-awareness
When did babies show mirror self-recognition?
around 15-24 months
Temperament
inborn differences in emotions, activity, and self-regulation
Personality traits are…
learned
3 dimensions of temperament
effortful control, negative mood, exuberance
Effortful control
regulation of attention and emotion, including self-soothing
Negative mood
fearful, angry, unhappy tendencies
Exuberance
active, social, and not shy
Biological factors associated with temperament
distinctive hormone levels, brain patterns, and behaviors
How is parent-child influence bidirectional?