Untitled Flashcards Set

Boiling Point Elevation

The increase in the boiling point of a solvent when a solute is added due to decreased vapor pressure.

Brownian Motion

The random movement of particles in a colloid due to collisions with solvent molecules.

Colloids

A mixture with intermediate-sized particles that remain suspended indefinitely and exhibit the Tyndall effect.

Freezing Point Depression

The decrease in the freezing point of a solvent when a solute is added, preventing the solvent from forming a solid at its normal freezing temperature.

Immiscible

Two liquids that do not mix to form a homogeneous solution (e.g., oil and water).

Insoluble

A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.

Miscible

Two liquids that dissolve in each other in any proportion (e.g., alcohol and water).

Molarity (M)

The concentration of a solution, measured in moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molality (m)

The concentration of a solution, measured in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Solubility

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Solvation

The process of dissolving, where solvent molecules surround and interact with solute particles.

Tyndall Effect

The scattering of light by particles in a colloid, making the light beam visible (e.g., fog and headlights).

Homogeneous Mixtures

Uniform mixtures throughout (e.g., saltwater, air).

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Mixtures that are not uniform throughout (e.g., sand and water, salad dressing).

Electrolytes

Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water (e.g., salt, acids, bases).

Non-Electrolytes

Substances that do not conduct electricity in solution (e.g., sugar, alcohol).

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature and is unstable.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, such as boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

Molarity Calculation

The formula for calculating molarity is M = moles of solute / liters of solution.

Molality Calculation

The formula for calculating molality is m = moles of solute / kg of solvent.

Percent by Mass

%Mass = (mass of solute / total mass of solution) × 100.

Percent by Volume

%Volume = (volume of solute / total volume of solution) × 100.

Mole Ratio

The ratio of moles of one substance to another in a balanced equation.

What are the two main categories of mixtures

homogenous and heterogeneous

what is the most abundant solvent on earth

water

what is the best and fastest way to seperate a mixture of sand and water

filitration

what do you do to add more solute to an already saturated solution?

You heat the solution increase the temperature

Sol

A solid dispersed in a liquid (e.g., paint, blood).

Gel

A liquid dispersed in a solid (e.g., gelatin, butter).

Aerosol

• A liquid or solid dispersed in a gas (e.g., fog, smoke).

Foam

A gas dispersed in a liquid or solid (e.g., whipped cream, styrofoam)

Emulsion

A liquid dispersed in another liquid (e.g., milk, mayonnaise