Chapter 18 - Birds and Mammals

ectothermic

ectothermic

animals that cannot control their body temperature internally

What’s one reason God may have given rabbits large ears?

They help to cool their blood by pumping the blood through that part of their body.

What usually happens to an ectothermic animal if it becomes too hot or too cold?

Becomes inactive

How does panting help a dog?

It helps him get more oxygen.

What really is a fever and how is beneficial?

It is a systemic reaction to an infection. An increase in core body temperature is known to improve survival and get rid of infections. It is known that the survival benefits outweigh the bad things about a fever. An increase in core body temperature acts as an alert system to activate immune surveillance through different cell types, including natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, neutrophils, and vascular endothelial cells.

When is a fever is too high?

If it is over 105 F (normal body temperature is 97.7 - 99 F), you need to rush to your nearest emergency room. You may need to act even sooner when infants, children, older adults, and immunocompromised people have a fever.

It is important to know when a fever is too high because, if left untreated, a high-grade fever can lead to febrile seizures, brain damage, and even death.

How do some endothermic animals cool off?

sweating and panting

How do some ectothermic animals cool off?

become inactive, hide in cool places

Which two groups of animals are endothermic?

birds and mammals

What happens to the body temperature of an endothermic animals as its environment cool?

It remains relatively constant.

crop

an organ in birds that stores large amounts of food at one time

How is a bird’s way of breathing different from other mammas?

they inhale and exhale two times for every respiration. In addition, the airflow is in a single direction rather than the two-direction airflow of other animals. Another distinct attribute of birds’ lungs is they don’t expand and contract, and this is because their lungs are not the ones that move the air but the complex system of air sacs with an efficient cyclical system. They get oxygen-rich air both while inhaling and exhaling.

What do all birds have in common?

feathers

Which birds do not fly?

penguins, ostriches, and some others, but most birds do fly.

down feathers

feather’s next to the bird’s skin that hold warm air

contour feathers

feathers that cover the bird and help insulate it

Parts of a bird’s feather

vane (made up of barbs and barbules), shaft and the quill

preen

How a bird keeps its feathers flexible. It uses its bill to take oil from the oil gland near its tail and then runs its bill along each feather.

molting (in birds)

They lose a few feathers at a time. The new feathers come before they lose more feathers, so they can still fly in during the process.

papillae muscles

Muscles attached to their wings that slant the feathers so that air flowing past the feathers carries the bird in certain directions

What type of birds are instantly independent when they are born?

turkeys, chickens, geese, and quails

albumen

egg white

yolk

food reserve in a bird egg

incubation

the process of keeping the eggs warm until they hatch

How does the diet of birds benefit mankind?

by controlling pests (rodents and insects)

Why does a bird preen itself?

to reattach separated barbs and to keep its feathers oiled and flexible

How does a developing chick inside an egg get oxygen?

Oxygen passes through the shell.

umbilical cord

The structure that attaches an embryo to the placenta.

mammary gland

produces milk in female animals

weaned

when a young mammal is no longer drinking its mother’s milk

4 types of teeth in mammals

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

placental mammals

mammals that receive oxygen and food and have wastes removed through a placenta while inside their mother

incisors

used for cutting

canines

long and pointed and used for tearing

molars

used for grinding

placenta

a structure that mammals have to receive oxygen and food and have wastes removed

underhair

mammal hair that provides excellent insulation (like how down feathers are for birds)

keratin

protein found in hair

animal whiskers

used to sense things around the animal

hair follicles

tubular hair-producing organs in the skin of mammals

guard hair

The second layer of fur in some mammals that is stiffer. It protects the underhair from wear and contains pigment granules that produce the colors of fur.

erector muscle

contracts to make the hair stand on end

monotreme

mammals that lay eggs

What animals are the ONLY monotremes and where do they live?

The duck billed platypus and echidna. They live in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea.

Where do echidna embryos develop?

in eggs

Poisonous mammals

• Platypus: a semi-aquatic mammal that has venomous spurs on its hind legs.

• Slow loris: a nocturnal primate that has venomous glands under its arms that it transfers to its mouth by licking.

• Solenodons: insectivorous mammals that have venomous saliva and grooved teeth.

• Shrews: small mammals that have venomous saliva and sharp teeth.

• Hedgehogs: spiny mammals that have poisonous toxins in their skin and quills.

• African maned rat: a rodent that has poisonous hairs that it coats with plant toxins.

• Vampire bats: flying mammals that have anticoagulant saliva that prevents blood clotting.

marsupials

mammals that have a pouch in which they rear (care for) their young

Are marsupials born twice?

It’s debatable.

One argument that marsupials are born twice is that the marsupial’s pouch becomes another area where the embryo develops; thus, when the older and more developed baby emerges from the pouch, it is born for a second time.

Arguments that marsupials are not born twice is that the pouch is not inside the mother’s body, that the baby is not attached to a placenta or umbilical cord, and that babies drink milk but embryos do not.

opossum

marsupials native to North America, sometimes give birth to 20 to 30 babies

monotremata

egg-laying mammals (duck-billed platypuses, echidnas)

primates

erect animals (lemurs, monkeys, apes)

placental mammals (examples)

• Black rhinoceros

• Four-toed hedgehog

• Star-nosed mole

• African bush elephant

• Lion

• Chimpanzee

• whale

marsupial mammals (examples)

kangaroos, opossums, Tasmanian devil

Why are humans not primates?

Humans are specially created in God’s image. Humans and primates do share some physical characteristics, however.

How are bird’s bones different from those of other animals?

They are light weight and have air spaces yet are strong because of a reinforcing crisscross structure within the bones.