apush period 5 vocab

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Texas after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

zachary taylor

(1849-1850), 12th pres (Whig) who was a Southern slave holder, and Mexican-American War Hero, won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

james k. polk

served as the 11th pres (demo) in March 1845. committed to expansion and manifest destiny, Polk favored the annexation of Texas, the "reoccupation" of all of Oregon, and the acquisition of California.

john c. fremont

an American military officer, explorer of California, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

manifest destiny

the 19th-century idea that Americans had the God-given right or destined to expand into the West and cultivate and civilize the country from coast to coast was both justified and inevitable.

tariff of 1842

a protectionist tariff law that significantly raised import duties on foreign goods, designed to protect American industries from European competition, effectively reversing the lowering of tariffs established by the Compromise Tariff of 1833; it was particularly unpopular in the South due to its high rates on imported goods.

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

1848 The treaty negotiated in Mexico by

American diplomat Nicholas Trist, US agreed to pay Mex. $15 mill. in return for over 1/3 of territory - TX, NM, and CA, ratified by senate Mar. 1848 + rio grande southern border of texas

wilmot proviso

1846 proposal by David Wilmot that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico, passed house but not senate

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

William Henry Harrison

Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and ninth president of the United States dying just 31 days after taking office, and for his "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign in the 1840 election which portrayed him as a common man, despite his aristocratic background;

54°40' or Fight

a slogan used during the Oregon boundary dispute between the United States and Great Britain, signifying that the US would claim all of the Oregon territory up to the 54 degrees, 40 minutes latitude line, or would go to war with Britain to secure it; essentially meaning they would "fight" for the land if necessary

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.

election of 1848

Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) prominent American author and abolitionist, most famous for writing the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" which powerfully depicted the horrors of slavery, significantly fueling anti-slavery sentiment in the North leading up to the Civil War

underground railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

free soil party

a political party active in the pre-Civil War era (1848) that focused solely on opposing the expansion of slavery into newly acquired western territories, allowing onlye free white men

Fugitive Slave Act

a federal law, most notably the one passed in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850, which required that any runaway slaves found in free states must be captured and returned to their owners, significantly increasing tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery

Beecher's Bibles

During the Kansas border war, the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher. These rifles became known as "Beecher's Bibles".

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a bill to divide the Nebraska Territory into two parts, the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory, and allow settlers in each territory to decide whether to allow slavery or not. Since these

territories were located north of the 36°30' line, Douglas's bill gave Southern slave owners an opportunity to expand slavery that previously had been closed to them by the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

gadsden purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona (strip of land/acres" in exchange for $10 million in order for the southern transcontinental railroad.

republican party (1854)

organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860

compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories : (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

john brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

uncle tom's cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

"bleeding kansas"

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Ruling by the Supreme Court —reversed by the 14th Amendment in 1868— black Americans were not citizens under the Constitution; the Missouri Compromise (which banned slavery in the territories) was unconstitutional

panic of 1857

The midcentury economic boom ended in 1857 with a

financial panic. Prices, especially for Midwestern farmers, dropped sharply, and unemployment in Northern cities increased. Since cotton prices remained high, the South was less affected.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Harper's Ferry Raid (1859)

radical abolitionist John Brown led a raid on a federal armory in October 1859, attempting to incite a slave uprising, which ultimately heightened tensions between the North and South and is considered a significant catalyst towards the war.

fort sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

habeas corpus

a legal principle that protects people from unlawful detention or arrest. It's a writ that a judge or court issues to order someone holding a prisoner to bring them to court. The writ is used to ensure that a person has not been falsely accused and to correct violations of personal liberty

new york draft riots

Uprisings during the Civil War (1863), mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law.

jefferson davis

President of the Confederate States of America

clara barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.

13th amendment

ratified on December 6, 1865. It forbids chattel slavery across the United States and in every territory under its control, except as a criminal punishment

Gettysburg Address (1863)

speech given my President Abraham Lincoln to commemorate the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general; he commanded troops at both battles of Bull Run and was mortally wounded by his own soldiers at Chancellorsville in 1863.

George B. McClellan

prominent Union army commander appointed by Lincoln during the American Civil War, known for his cautious and meticulous military strategies, often criticized for his indecisiveness and failure to decisively pursue Confederate forces, particularly during the Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam

Robert E. Lee

a prominent Confederate general during the American Civil War, widely considered one of the most skilled military commanders of the Confederacy,

George Pickett

a Confederate General during the American Civil War, most famously known for leading the disastrous "Pickett's Charge" at the Battle of Gettysburg

Ulysses s. grant

West Point graduate who was a prominent Union general during the American Civil War, widely recognized for his leadership in key battles like Vicksburg and Appomattox, which ultimately contributed to the defeat of the Confederacy.

William Tecumseh Sherman

2nd most important Union General who introduced total war in "the march to the sea." He destroyed crops, towns, and farms everywhere he went.

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Freedmen's Bureau

an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, education, and legal assistance to help them transition to freedom to assist formerly enslaved people (freedmen) in the South after the Civil War

10 percent plan

A state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the U.S. president as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath.

Wade-Davis Bill

proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for Reconstruction. The bill required 50 percent of the voters of a state to take a loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution.

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

14th amendment

a post-Civil War constitutional amendment that granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed "equal protection of the laws" to all citizens, essentially establishing a legal basis for civil rights protections against state infringements.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, each under the control of the Union army, increased the requirements for gaining readmission to the Union, and to win such readmission, an ex-Confederate state had to ratify the 14th Amendment and place guarantees in its constitution for granting right to vote to all adult males, regardless of race.

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

Redeemers

Southern conservatives that took control of one state government after another. Had different social and economic backgrounds, but agreed on their political program: states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy.

scalawags

A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.

Carpetbaggers

derogatory term for Northern newcomers who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era following the Civil War, often with the perceived intention of exploiting the South's economic and political turmoil for personal gain

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

an unconstitutional violation of executive, was a radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by prohibiting the president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the Senate.