Human Anatomy and Physiology: Body Systems, Organization, and Functions

Interdependence

All body cells are interdependent as we are multicellular organisms.

Boundaries

The body's boundaries are maintained to keep the internal environment distinct from the external environment.

Selectively Permeable Membranes

All body cells are surrounded by selectively permeable membranes.

Skin

The skin encloses and protects the body as a whole from factors such as dryness, bacteria, heat, sunlight, and chemicals.

Movement

Movement of the body is achieved via the muscular and skeletal systems.

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system uses movement to transport blood.

Digestive System

The digestive system uses movement to transport food materials.

Urinary System

The urinary system uses movement to transport urine.

Contractility

The shortening of muscle cells, known as contractility.

Responsiveness

The ability to sense and respond to environmental stimuli is known as responsiveness.

Excitability

Responsiveness is also referred to as excitability.

Nerve Cells

Nerve cells are highly excitable and communicate with rapid electrical impulses.

Digestion

Digestion breaks down food materials to simple, more easily absorbed molecules.

Absorption

Absorbed nutrients move throughout the body's circulation.

Respiration

Respiration brings in oxygen that works with nutrients to grow and repair body parts.

Excretion

The unusable parts of digestion and metabolism processes are then excreted as waste.

Metabolism

The body's metabolism controls all chemical reactions inside body cells.

Catabolism

Catabolism is the breaking down of substances into simpler forms.

Anabolism

Anabolism is creating more complex cellular components from simpler substances.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP molecules are produced using nutrients and oxygen via cellular respiration.

Levels of Organization

The simplest level of organization is the chemical level, and the most complex is the organism level.

Cellular Level

The simplest living level of organization is the cellular level.

Tissue

When cells with similar structure and function are grouped and work together, they form a tissue.

Organ

A group of tissues that is arranged in a particular way to accomplish specific functions is called an organ.

Skeleton

The skeleton consists of 206 bones and provides the form of the human body, it serves to protect vital internal organs.

Ligaments

Fibrous tissues that connect bones to each other.

Tendons

Rope-like structures that connect muscles to bones.

Cartilage

The smooth connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at the mobile joints.

Functions of the Skeleton

The skeleton has five main functions: Gives the body its shape, protects fragile organs, allows for movement, stores calcium, and helps create blood cells.

Nasal Cavity

Part of the respiratory system.

Pharynx

Part of the respiratory system.

Larynx

Part of the respiratory system.

Trachea

Part of the respiratory system.

Hilum

Part of the respiratory system.

Mediastinal Surface

Part of the respiratory system.

Parietal Pleura

Part of the respiratory system.

Visceral Pleura

Part of the respiratory system.

Primary Bronchi

Part of the respiratory system.

Secondary Bronchi

Part of the respiratory system.

Tertiary Bronchi

Part of the respiratory system.

Bronchiole

Part of the respiratory system.

Pleural Space

Part of the respiratory system.

Terminal Bronchiole

Part of the respiratory system.

Pulmonary Artery

Part of the circulatory system.

Pulmonary Vein

Part of the circulatory system.

Alveolar Duct

Part of the respiratory system.

Alveolus

Part of the respiratory system.

Alveolar Sac

Part of the respiratory system.

Capillary

Part of the circulatory system.

Red Blood Cell

Part of the circulatory system.

Tidal Volume

A measure of lung volume.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A measure of lung volume.

Residual Volume

A measure of lung volume.

Functional Residual Capacity

A measure of lung volume.

Expiratory Capacity

A measure of lung volume.

Inspiratory Capacity

A measure of lung volume.

Total Lung Capacity

A measure of lung volume.

Vital Capacity

A measure of lung volume.

Path of Blood

Deoxygenated blood flows from the inferior and superior vena cava into the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve through the pulmonary artery to the capillary beds of the alveoli where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

Heart Anatomy

Oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium through the mitral valve, into the left ventricle through the aortic valve through the aorta, to the systemic arteries, to the capillaries of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, and back through to enter the inferior and superior vena cava to return into the heart.

Septum

Part of the heart anatomy.

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

System that controls the heartbeat.

Meninges

Protective membranes covering the brain.

Parts of the Brain

Includes parietal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain stem, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe.