Anatomy and Physiology: Chemical Bonds, Reactions, pH, and Carbohydrates

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering basic chemical bonding, reactions, organic and inorganic compounds, pH principles, and carbohydrate structures based on the lecture notes.

Covalent Bond

A strong chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons, which can be single, double, or triple, and is up to $1000 \times$ stronger than an ionic bond.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond where electrons are transferred between atoms rather than shared, resulting in positive or negative ions.

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating a molecule with a negative side and a positive side, such as $H_2O$.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no negative or positive poles.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction formed between two polar molecules due to opposite electrical charges.

Reactants

The starting chemical substances that are mixed together or combined in a reaction.

Products

The final substances that are created or made as a result of a chemical reaction.

Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction where smaller reactants combine to build a larger product.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction where a larger substance is broken down into smaller components, such as during digestion.

Enzymes

Proteins that function to speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Organic Compounds

Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ($C$, $H$, and $O$) as their primary structural components.

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that do not permanently contain all three elements—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—as their main structural components, such as water and salt.

Solution

A fluid mixture composed of a liquid solvent and one or more dissolved solutes.

Solvent

The liquid component of a solution that dissolves other substances, which in Anatomy and Physiology is always water.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved within a solvent to form a solution.

pH

The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a liquid, represented on a scale ranging from $0$ to $14$.

Hydrogen Ion

A positively charged ion formed when a hydrogen atom loses its single electron, leaving only a proton.

Alkaline

Refers to a basic solution that has a pH value above $7$ and a lower concentration of hydrogen ions.

Buffer

A substance or biological mechanism that regulates and maintains pH within a stable homeostatic range, such as keeping blood pH at $7.45$.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen whose primary function is to provide quick metabolic energy.

Monosaccharides

Single-sugar carbohydrates with a $1:2:1$ ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) that act as quick-burning fuel.

Isomer

Molecules that share the exact same chemical formula, such as $C_6H_{12}O_6$, but possess different structural arrangements.

Glucose

A monosaccharide isomer with the formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$ found in human blood as blood sugar.

Fructose

A monosaccharide isomer with the formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$ that originates from fruits.

Galactose

A monosaccharide isomer with the formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$ derived from the breakdown of milk.