chapter 1

Carolus Linnaeus

developed binomial nomenclature: Genus, species

What are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Characteristics of Bacteria

-Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
-Single-celled
-Peptidoglycan cell walls (protein/carb.)
-Divide via binary fission
-Derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

Characteristics of Archaea

-Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
-Lack peptidoglycan
-Live in extreme environments
-Not known to be pathogenic

4 Kingdoms in Eukarya

1) Protists
2) Fungi

3) Plants (Algae)
4) Aminal (Parasites)

Characteristics of Fungi

-uni/multicellular
-gets nutrients from organic matter in environment
-CANNOT carry out photosynthesis
-cell walls called "chitin"

Characterstics of Algae

-photosynthetic
-usually unicellular
-cell walls called "cellulose"

Characteristics of Protozoa

-unicellular
-motile with pseudopods, flagella, or cillia
-some are photosynthetic

Characteristics of Animal Parasites

-blood worms or tape worms called "helminths"

Characteristics of Viruses

-accellular
-DNA or RNA core surrounded by protien coat
-protein coat encased in lipid memebrane called "envelope"

Robert Hooke

-coined the term "cells" when obsering plant cells
-discovered that all life is made up of small cells

John Needham

-spontaneous generation
-claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth (unsealed)

Lazzaro Spallanzani

-spontaneous generation
-repeated Needham's experiement
-said that Needham's result was from MO entering in broth

Rudolf Virchow

-introduced biogenesis that all living cells came from pre-existing cells

Louis Pasteur

-tried to prove biogenesis
-found that MO are eveywhere
-disproved spontaneous generation with S-flask
-discovered aseptic techniques
-discovered pastuerization from wine and beer merchants who wanted to know why it would taste sour after shipping it
-pasteurization was big for scientific community since MO could belinked to physical and chemical changes

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

-had a better resolution miscroscope than Hooke
-first to observe microorganism (MO) bacteria

Agostino Bassi

-Germ Theory of Disease
-amatuer microbiologist
-discovered that silkworm disease was from a fungus
- Louis Pasteur was able to help out Europe's silk industry by spotting the infected silk worm

Joseph Lister

-Germ Theory of Disease
-a surgeon who saw obstetrical deaths
-with the upcoming knowledge about MO, he used "phenol" (carbolic acid) which killed bacteria
-worked so good that other physicians adopted the technique

Edward Jenner

-Vaccination
-saw that milk maid who got cowpox did not get smallpox
-inoculated small boy with cowpox, then smallpox

Alexander Fleming

-2nd Microbiology Golden Age
-discovered that Pencillium fungus inhibited bacterial growth
-called ingredient Penicillin

Paul Ehrlich

-2nd Microbiology Golden Age
-found an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis

What is (EID)?

-emerging infectious disease
-a new or changing disease that is having more occurences or predications for more infections

What is the 1st Koch's Postulate?

Presence
-The same pathogen must be present in every case of disease.

What is the 2nd Koch's Postulate?

Isolation
-The pathogen must be isolated from the sick host and grown in pure culture.

What is the 3rd Koch's Postulate?

Infection
-The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated in healthy host.

What is the 4th Koch's Postulate?

Recovery
-The pathogen from the inoculated host needs to be isolated to show it is the same pathogen that was started with.

Girolamo Fracastoro

-Germ Theory of Disease
-proposed that there are 3 different types of diseases:
-disease that could spread by contact with sick person.
-those that could be acquired by contact with contaminated articles of a sick person.
-those that could be acquired from a distance.

Francesco Redi

-spontaneous generation
-saw that in an unsealed bag of decaying meat, maggots appeared from flies laying eggs