Chapter 4&5 Study Guide - Ethan

Erickson’s Theory

8 stages of psychosocial development - conflicts & virtues

• 1: Infancy

• 2: Early Childhood

• 3: Play Age

• 4: School Age

• 5: Adolescence

• 6: Early Adulthood

• 7: Middle Age

• 8: Old Age

Infancy (Stage 1)

Age: 0-1 year

Basic Conflict: trust vs mistrust

Virtue: hope

Description: trust/mistrust that basic needs will be met

Early Childhood (Stage 2)

Age: 1-3 years

Basic Conflict: autonomy vs shame/doubt

Virtue: will

Description: develop a sense of independence in many tasks

Play Age (Stage 3)

Age: 3-6 years

Basic Conflict: initiative vs guilt

Virtue: purpose

Description: take initiative on some activities - may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped

School Age (Stage 4)

Age: 7-11 years

Basic Conflict: industry vs inferiority

Virtue: competence

Description: develop self confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

Adolescence (Stage 5)

Age: 12-18 years

Basic Conflict: identity vs confusion

Virtue: fidelity

Description: experiment with and develop identity and roles

Early Adulthood (Stage 6)

Age: 19-29 years

Basic Conflict: intimacy vs isolation

Virtue: love

Description: establish intimacy and relationships with others

Middle Age (Stage 7)

Age: 30-64 years

Basic Conflict: generativity vs stagnation

Virtue: care

Description: contribute to society and be part of a family

Old Age (Stage 8)

Age: 65+

Basic Conflict: integrity vs despair

Virtue: wisdom

Description: assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

suggests that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on fulfilling higher-level ones

• self actualization: desire to become the most that one can be - highest level

• esteem: respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, and focus

• love and belonging: friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

• safety needs: personal security, employment, resources, health, and property

• physiological needs: air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, and reproduction - lowest level

Spirituality & Culture

S: individual's search for meaning and connection to something larger than themselves - expressed through various cultural practices

C: shared beliefs, customs, and practices of a group - traditions often reflect spiritual beliefs

PTSD

• PTSD develops in some people after they experience or witness an event that threatens their life or safety, or that of others around them.

• Symptoms include vivid memories, feeling constantly on edge and avoiding reminders of the event.

• It is common for people to have some of the symptoms of PTSD in the first few days after the traumatic event. Most will recover by themselves or with the support of family and friends. Others may need professional help.

Alzheimers

brain disorder that gradually destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually, the ability to carry out simple tasks

• common type of dementia: broader term for conditions that cause a decline in cognitive abilities

• Alzheimer's is characterized by the buildup of abnormal proteins in the brain, which disrupt nerve cell communication and lead to cell death

Parkinsons

progressive nervous system disorder that primarily affects movement

• occurs when nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine - a chemical crucial for movement coordination, are damaged or die

• symptoms: tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement, and problems with balance and coordination - often impacting daily activities

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions

• Symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder (unusual ways of thinking), as well as reduced expression of emotions, reduced motivation to accomplish goals, difficulty in social relationships, motor impairment, and cognitive impairment

Hallucination

sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind, meaning they occur without an external stimulus

• involve any of the five senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch)

• caused by various factors: mental health conditions, neurological disorders, substance use, and even medication side effects

Paranoia

psychological state characterized by persistent and irrational distrust and suspicion of others, often with the belief that they are being threatened or harmed

• can manifest as a symptom of various mental health conditions or as a standalone issue

Depression

(major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act

Mental Adjustment Disorder

mental health condition triggered by a stressful life event, causing emotional or behavioral symptoms that are out of proportion to the stressor itself

• reactions, which occur within three months of the event, can significantly impact daily functioning, including work, school, and relationships

• Symptoms: depressed mood, anxiety, conduct disturbance, or a combination of these

Substance Abuse

harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, prescription drugs, and illegal drugs

• involves using substances in ways that cause social, physical, emotional, or job-related problems, and can lead to addiction or dependence

Addiction

chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in behaviors or use of substances despite harmful consequences

• considered a disease of the brain, impacting reward, motivation, memory, and related brain circuits

• key elements: loss of control over the behavior, preoccupation with it, and continued engagement despite negative consequences

Anxiety

normal human emotion characterized by feelings of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an event with an uncertain outcome

• when these feelings become excessive, persistent, and interfere with daily life, they can indicate an anxiety disorder

• disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks)

Delusions

false beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary

• key symptom of various mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and delusional disorder

• distinct from false beliefs based on misinformation or misinterpretations; they are held with strong conviction and are resistant to reason or evidence

Bipolar Disorder

mental health condition that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks

• shifts can range from periods of extreme highs (mania or hypomania) to lows (depression)

• mood episodes last days to months at a time and may also be associated with suicidal thoughts

Dementia

general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life, affecting memory, thinking, and behavior

• not a specific disease but rather a syndrome caused by various underlying conditions, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common type

What is nonpharmacological?

healthcare interventions that do not involve the use of medications

• methods focus on other approaches like lifestyle changes, physical therapies, psychological therapies, and other techniques to manage health conditions, improve well-being, or address pain

Acute vs Chronic

A: develop suddenly and are usually short-term

• common cold, flu, broken bones, and sudden injuries

• treatable with medication or other therapies, and the body can often heal on its own

C: develop slowly and persist for a long time, often months or even years

• asthma, diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, and osteoporosis

• may require ongoing management, medication, lifestyle adjustments, and regular monitoring

Protective Oversight

24 hour awareness of the location of a resident and the ability to intervene and supervise the nutrition, medication, and care of the resident

Delirium

sudden and temporary state of confusion and altered awareness, often marked by rapid changes in brain function and mental status

• can manifest in various ways, including disorientation, memory problems, and changes in behavior and mood

• often linked to underlying medical conditions, medication side effects, or withdrawal from substances like alcohol

• crucial to recognize delirium as a medical emergency that requires prompt attention and treatment, as it can lead to serious complications and even long-term cognitive damage

Quality of Life

subjective measure of an individual's overall well-being, encompassing physical, mental, and social aspects, as well as their perception of their position in life within their cultural and societal context

• dynamic concept, influenced by various factors like health, relationships, work, and personal values, and is often used to assess the impact of illness, treatment, or social conditions on a person's life

STOP AND WATCH

early warning tool

STOP

• S: seems to be acting differently - symptoms of new illness

• T: talks or communicates less

• O: overall needs more help

• P: pain - new development or participated in fewer activities

AND

• A: ate less

• N: no bowel movements in 3+ days/diarrhea

• D: drank less

WATCH

• W: weight change - swollen legs/feet

• A: agitated/nervous more than usual

• T: tired/weak/confused/drowsy

• C: change in skin color/condition

• H: help with walking/transferring/bathroom more than usual

Body Systems

Skeletal: provides support, protection, and movement through bones, ligaments, and tendons - BONES

Muscular: enables movement through the contraction and relaxation of muscles - MUSCLES

Nervous: controls and coordinates body functions through electrical impulses, using the brain, spinal cord, and nerves - NERVES + BRAIN

Endocrine: regulates body functions through hormones produced by glands - PITUITARY/THYROID/ADRENAL/ETC

Cardiovascular: transfers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products through the heart and blood vessels - HEART + BLOOD VESSELS + ARTERIES + VEINS

Lymphatic: supports the immune system by filtering fluid and returning it to the bloodstream - LYMPHNODES + BONE MARROW + SPLEEN

Respiratory: facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment - LUNGS + AIRWAYS

Digestive: breaks down food into nutrients for absorption and eliminates waste - STOMACH + MOUTH + LARGE/SMALL INTESTINE + COLON

Urinary: filters waste from the blood and eliminates it as urine - BLADDER + KIDNEYS + LIVER

Integumentary: protects the body - SKIN + HAIR + NAILS

Reproductive: enables reproduction through specialized organs in males and females

Infectious Process

1. Exposure:

The pathogen comes into contact with the host through various portals of entry like the respiratory tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. 

2. Colonization:

The pathogen attaches to the host's cells and begins to multiply.

3. Invasion:

The pathogen penetrates deeper into the body's tissues, potentially spreading through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. 

4. Infection:

The pathogen successfully establishes itself within the host and causes harm, leading to a disruption in normal bodily functions. 

5. Disease:

If the infection causes significant damage and symptoms become apparent, it is considered a disease. 

6. Spread (Transmission):

The pathogen may be released from the host and transmitted to another susceptible individual, continuing the cycle. 

Body Systems Responses to Infection

• Fever: A common response to infection, possibly helping to inactivate viruses and activate immune cells.

• Malaise, headache, muscle aches: General symptoms resulting from the immune response.

• Rash: Can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

• Swelling: A hallmark of bacterial infections, especially localized ones.

• Pus: A collection of dead white blood cells at the site of infection, indicating the body's attempt to eliminate bacteria. 

Infection Effects on Body Systems

• Localized infections: These infections are confined to a specific part or organ system of the body, such as a skin boil or an ear infection

• Systemic infections: These infections spread throughout the body, typically through the bloodstream, potentially affecting multiple organ systems

Chain of Infection

1. Infectious Agent:

This is the pathogen (like bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite) that causes the disease. 

2. Reservoir:

This is where the pathogen lives and multiplies. It could be a person, animal, insect, or even an inanimate object like contaminated equipment or soil. 

3. Portal of Exit:

This is how the pathogen leaves the reservoir. For example, through respiratory secretions (coughing, sneezing), open wounds, or bodily fluids. 

4. Mode of Transmission:

This is how the pathogen travels from the reservoir to a new host. It can be direct contact (person-to-person), indirect contact (through a contaminated object), or airborne (through respiratory droplets). 

5. Portal of Entry:

This is how the pathogen enters the new host. It can be through the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, broken skin, or ingestion. 

6. Susceptible Host:

This is a person who is vulnerable to infection, often due to factors like age, health status, or weakened immune system. 

Mode of Transmission

This is how the pathogen travels from the reservoir to a new host. It can be direct contact (person-to-person), indirect contact (through a contaminated object), or airborne (through respiratory droplets)

Cancer

disease where cells grow out of control and can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body

• not a single disease, but rather a group of over 100 different diseases, each with unique characteristics

• develops due to changes in a cell's DNA, leading to uncontrolled growth and division

Arthritis

group of conditions characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints and surrounding tissues

• over 100 different types

• common symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and limited movement

• no cure for many forms of arthritis, various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life

Osteoporosis

OSTEO = BONE & POROSIS = HOLES/PORES

disease that weakens bones, making them more susceptible to fractures

• often called a "silent disease" because it can progress without noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs

• common fracture sites include the hip, spine, and wrist

• Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men

• The risk increases with age, especially after menopause for women

• Family history of osteoporosis or hip fractures can increase risk

• People with certain medical conditions or who take specific medications may also be at higher risk

Orthostatic Hypotension

drop in blood pressure that occurs when standing up from a sitting or lying down position

• can lead to symptoms like dizziness, lightheadedness, and blurred vision

• often caused by a failure of the body's autonomic nervous system to quickly adjust blood pressure when standing, and it's more common in older adults and those with certain medical conditions

Hyperglycemia

condition where there's too much glucose in the blood

• often occurs in people with diabetes when the body doesn't produce enough insulin or can't properly use the insulin it produces, leading to glucose buildup in the bloodstream

• can also occur in individuals without diabetes, particularly in hospital settings due to stress, infections, or certain medications