Anatomy, Physiology, and Body Systems Review

Comprehensive flashcards covering human anatomy, physiology, organ systems, energy pathways, and anatomical terminology.

Organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

Homeostasis

The body maintains a stable internal environment even when external conditions change.

Anatomy

The study of the body's physical parts, shapes, and structures, often referred to as "What?"

Physiology

The study of how body parts work, move, and react, often referred to as "How?"

The Standard Anatomical Position

The universal baseline position where the body stands up straight, feet forward, and palms out; known as the "Factory Reset" pose.

Anterior

The front

Posterior

The back

Medial

Inside

Lateral

Outside

Superior

Top

Inferior

Bottom

Balance

The ability to maintain the body's center of gravity over its base.

Stability

The ability to control body position and resist unwanted movement.

Coordination

The ability to use body parts together efficiently and smoothly.

Cardiovascular System Function

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.

Average Resting Heart Rate

$$60-100\,BPM$$

ATP-PC System

The fastest energy source providing immediate energy for $0-10\,seconds$; used for short, powerful movements.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The body's "energy battery" or "energy money" used to produce energy quickly.

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

An energy system that does not require oxygen and lasts $10\,seconds$ to $2\,minutes$, providing energy for hard activities.

Aerobic System

An energy system that uses oxygen and provides energy for long activities lasting more than $2\,minutes$.

Fatigue

A temporary decrease in the ability to perform physical activity caused by energy depletion, oxygen demand, waste accumulation, dehydration, or stress.

Adaptations

Long-term improvements or the body's ability to improve its function in response to regular exercise.

Growth

The increase in body size, such as becoming taller, gaining weight, or growing bigger muscles.

Maturation

The natural development of the body as it becomes more physically mature, such as increased strength and improved coordination.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves, involving forward, backward, up, and down movements.

Frontal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts, involving side-to-side movement.

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts, involving rotation or twisting.

Mediolateral Axis

Also known as the "Transverse Axis," it runs from left to right and is perpendicular to the Sagittal Plane.

Anteroposterior Axis

Also known as the "Sagittal Axis," it runs from front to back and is perpendicular to the Frontal Plane.

Longitudinal Axis

Also known as the "Vertical Axis," it runs from the head to the feet and is perpendicular to the Transverse Plane.