Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Review

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts in genetics and evolutionary biology as outlined in the lecture notes.

Alleles

Segments of DNA located along chromosomes that determine hereditary factors.

Mendel’s hereditary factors

linked

● When parental genotypes are inherited in a higher than normal fashion for the

desired genes- they are probably ___

Genetic recombination

The production of offspring with combinations different than the parents.

far apart they are

● % of recombination relates to how ____ ___ ___ ___?

linked genes

If % recombination is high, the % chance of crossing over is high which means they are probably not ____ ___

different chromosomes

● If % recombination is 50%, the genes are probably on _____

Meiotic nondisjunction

(Alterations in chromosome number) there are different types…

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of a particular chromosome which can be

monosomic (missing one)

or

trisomic (extra one).

Polyploidy

The condition of having extra sets of chromosomes.

Triploidy- 3n

Tetraploidy- 4n

Deletion

- chromosomal fragment is lost

● Duplication

- another fragment of DNA inserted on a sister chromosome

● Inversion

- inserted in reverse order

Translocation

fragment inserted on non-homologous chromosome

Nondisjunction

The unequal separation of chromosomes during meiosis. - the meiotic spindle failed

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A condition where a population is

not evolving,

requiring no mutations,

random mating,

no natural selection,

a large population size,

no gene flow.

1. No mutations

2. Random Mating

3. No Natural Selection

4. Extremely Large Population Size

5. No Gene Flow

What are the hardy Weinberg equilibrium conditions?

p + q = 1

What equation solves for the alle frequency (genotype kind of)

P² + 2PQ + Q² = 1

Which equation solves for phenotype

natural selection

This is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

o Individuals who posses traits that make them better suited for their environment

are more likely to survive and reproduce

Directional Selection

A mode of selection that shifts the mean of a trait in a specific direction.

Favors one extreme

Disruptive Selection

A mode of selection that favors individuals at both extremes of a trait distribution, creating a bimodal distribution.

Both extremes favored

Stabilizing Selection

A mode of selection that reduces variation in a trait, keeping the mean the same.

Removed extremes and favors the average

(big blend of the middle)

Linkage Maps

A representation of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome based on the likelihood of recombination.