Chapter 13 | Energy Balance & Weight Control

Factors that increase a person's basal metabolic rate include:

Multiple select question.

• tall stature.

• caffeine.

• periods of growth.

• very-low calorie intake

• tall stature.

• caffeine.

• periods of growth.

Genetic factors that can play a role in the development of obesity include genes that affect:

Multiple select question.

• hormone production.

• activity level.

• metabolic rate.

• body frame.

• hormone production

• metabolic rate

• body frame

Metabolic rates tend to decrease with age due to ______.

Multiple choice question.

• memory problems

• increased physical activity

• a loss of muscle mass

• an increase in food intake

• a loss of muscle mass

Choose roles of insulin in energy balance.

Multiple select question.

• Promotes triglyceride synthesis in the liver

• Promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake

• Inhibits lipolysis in fat cells

• Inhibits adipogenesis (production of new fat cells

When calorie intake matches calorie expenditure, energy __________ occurs.

balance

The hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating behavior and promotes energy storage is called __________.

ghrelin

A person's blood leptin level is directly proportional to his or her amount of Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

• protein intake

• body fat

• muscle mass

• glucose in the muscle

body fat

More than 50% of the variation in BMI seen in different populations can be explained by genetic differences that increase risk for developing obesity.

True false question.

• True

• False

false

Which hormone promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibits lipolysis in adipose cells, and promotes the production of new adipose cells?

Multiple choice question.

• Epinephrine

• Estrogen

• Insulin

• Glucagon

Choose factors that decrease body fat accumulation.

Multiple select question.

• Lack of sunlight

• Healthy sleep

• Physical activity

• Mindful eating practices

• Healthy sleep

• Physical activity

• Mindful eating practices

Combining Blank______ calorie intake with Blank______ physical activity is key for weight loss and weight maintenance.

Multiple choice question.

• decreased; increased

• decreased; decreased

• increased; decreased

• increased; increased

• decreased; increased

Choose the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating.

Multiple choice question.

• Peptide YY

• Amylin

• Leptin

• Ghrelin

ghrelin

An adipokine that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure in the body is called __________

leptin

Choose factors that increase body fat accumulation.

Multiple select question.

• High stress

• Hormonal imbalance

• Diet based on whole unprocessed foods

• Sleep deprivation

• high stress

• hormonal imbalance

• sleep deprivation

true or false: over 70% of North American adults have overweight or obesity

true

estimate: by 2030, we will see a _____% increase in obesity and a ______% increase in severe obesity

33; 130

what are the three energy supplying nutrients?

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. proteins

fuel or all energy requiring process in the body is ___________

glucose

true or false: all three nutrients can be used or stored as fat in the body when consumed in excess

true

what are some characteristics of the anaerobic pathway for energy production?

1. no oxygen requirement

2. short-term, high intensity activities

3. relies on muscle glycogen as energy source

what are some characteristics of the aerobic pathways for energy production?

1. requires oxygen supply

2. low ot moderate intensity activities

3. fats are important source (spares muscle glycogen stores)

energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, _______ the energy expended, primarily through _________ and __________

matches; basal metabolism; physical activity

what is positive energy intake?

1. energy intake is greater than energy expended

2. result in weight gain

what is the negative energy intake?

1. energy intake is less than energy expended

2. result in weight loss

what conditions increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke and certain cancers?

obesity

an individual who has obesity has an increase risk for ________ resistance, which may lead to the development of pre-diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, certain cancers, and dementia

insulin

body mass index (BMI)

health screening tool that takes into account a person’s height and weight but not body compositions

• [ weight in lb/ (height in inches)² ] x 703

• weight (kg) / (height in m)²

normal weight obesity (NWO)

normal body weight as measured by the BMI but elevated percent body fat

body compositions

measurement of body tissues, usually expressed as percent body fat

total body fat

adipose tissues & essential fat

two-component model

method of measuring body composition that divide the body into two compartments: fat mass and fat-free mass

fat-free mass

weight of the body that includes body water, bones, teeth, muscles, and organs

subcutaneous fat

deposits of adipose cells in the tissues under the skin that help insulate the body against cold temperature and protect muscles, bone,a dn internal organs

visceral fat

deposit of adipose tissues surrounding abdominal organs

what are some methods that is use to indirectly estimate the percentage of body fat?

1. underwater weighing

2. air displacement

3. dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry

4. bioelectrical impedance analysis

5. skinfold thickness

central body obesity

storage of excess body fats in the upper body or abdominal region, leafing to an “apple shape”

• more common in men

lower-body obesity

storage f excess body fats in the lower body or abdominal/hip area, leading to a “pear shaep”

energy output

the amount of calories cells use ot carry out their activites

total energy expenditure (TEE)

amount of energy a person needs to carryout all bodily functions in a 24-hour period

• basal metabolism, physical activity and thermic effect of food

basal metabolism

the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain vital functions of the body while at rest and in a fasted state

• processes like breathing, circulating blood, and maintaining function of vital organs

how can we measure the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

have the patient fast for at least 12 hours and to lie motionless in a temperatures-stable environment for the duration of the testing

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

rate of energy use by the body after resting and easting

what are some of the factors that affect a person’s BMR?

1. body compositions (e.g., muscle mass, tall)

2. sex

3. multiple hormones

4. energy intake

5. period of growth (age)

6. postexercise recovery

7. use of stimulant drugs

8. stress