Chapter 13 HistoryQ: What was the Little Ice Age? A: A severe drop in global temperatures from 1620–1680 that led to agricultural decline, famine, and political instability.
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What was the Little Ice Age?
A severe drop in global temperatures from 1620–1680 that led to agricultural decline, famine, and political instability.
How did the Little Ice Age affect agriculture and societies?
It caused a decline in agricultural productivity, leading to famines and the destabilization of regimes worldwide.
Despite the climate crisis, what happened to global commerce between 1600 and 1750?
Global commerce boomed, with new commodities such as tobacco, sugar, spices, cotton textiles, and silks circulating worldwide.
Q: What role did silver play in shifting the balance of power?
A: The success of Spain 🇪🇸 and Portugal 🇵🇹 in acquiring silver 🏆 from the Americas attracted more Europeans 🌍💰, increasing European influence.
Q: How did closer economic integration impact different states?
A: It strengthened rulers in France 🇫🇷, England 🇬🇧, Japan 🇯🇵, and sub-Saharan Africa 🌍 while destabilizing others 💥.
Q: How did economic expansion worsen the climate crisis?
A: Increased competition ⚔ and demand for resources ⛏ put additional strain on the environment 🌍, worsening the effects of the Little Ice Age ❄.
Q: What social change accompanied the rise in global commerce?
A: Rising urbanization 🏗, as economic growth 📊 fueled the expansion of cities 🌆.
Q: What crop did the British and French focus on in the Caribbean from the mid-17th century?
A: Sugar plantations 🌾, which became the economic backbone of the region.
Q: What labor force did sugar plantations rely on?
A: Enslaved labor ⚖, forcing people to work under brutal conditions to produce sugar for export.
Q: Why was sugar considered a “killing” crop?
A: It thrived in hot and humid climates 🌡 that spread diseases 🦠, making plantation work deadly.
Q: What conditions did enslaved people endure on sugar plantations?
A: Inadequate food 🍞, atrocious living conditions 🏚, and filthy sanitation 🚱.
They were dehumanized and treated as nonhumans 💔, with no regard for their well-being.
Lifespan Only three years ☠ due to extreme working conditions.
Q: How grueling was the work schedule for enslaved people on sugar plantations?
A: They worked seven days a week, 16-hour days, and some dropped dead from exhaustion 😞.
Q: How did enslaved people resist on Caribbean plantations?
A: Some used armed resistance ⚔, but more commonly, they fled 🏃🏾♂️ or resisted through foot-dragging, pilfering, and sabotage 🔥.
Q: Did any single colonial power dominate the Caribbean?
A: No ❌. The region was divided among English Jamaica 🇯🇲, Dutch Antilles 🇳🇱, and French Saint Domingue 🇭🇹.
Q: Why was French Saint Domingue significant?
A: It became one of the wealthiest slave-based societies 🏆 due to its sugar economy 🍬 and brutal exploitation of enslaved people.
Q: Who benefited the most from the Atlantic system?
A: Elite Europeans 👑💰, who amassed fortunes by exploiting colonial resources 🌿 and enslaved African laborers 🔗.
Q: What happened to the human exports from Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries?
A: The slave trade soared 📈, becoming essential to the prosperity of Europe’s American colonies 🌍💰 but destabilizing and depopulating Africa ⚠.
Q: Who controlled the capture of enslaved people in Africa?
A: African elites 👑 controlled the system, using an existing system of commerce 🏺 to supply enslaved people for European traders.
Q: How many Africans were forcibly taken to the Atlantic ports for enslavement?
A: 12.5 million people ⛓ were taken from Africa between 1525–1867.
Q: What were the conditions like during the transatlantic slave trade?
A: Enslaved people suffered high death rates ☠ both in Africa and on the journey across the Atlantic 🚢 due to brutal conditions.
Q: What happened to enslaved people before the journey began?
A: They were held for weeks in cramped and wretched conditions ⚓ aboard vessels before even setting sail.
Q: What were the main causes of death for enslaved people during the voyage?
A: Dehydration 💧❌ from gastrointestinal diseases, smallpox 🦠, and dysentery ⚕ killed many during the Middle Passage.
Q: Who supplied enslaved people to European buyers?
A: Local political leaders 👑 and merchants 💰 actively participated in the trade, selling enslaved people to Europeans.
Q: Who supplied enslaved people to European buyers?
A: Local political leaders 👑 and merchants 💰 actively participated in the trade, selling enslaved people to Europeans.
Q: How did the slave trade shift power in African societies?
A: Wealth and power moved from landowning families 🌾🏡 to merchants and warrior elites ⚔💰 who controlled the supply of enslaved people.
What impact did the slave trade have on the Kongo kingdom?
A: It sparked a century of civil war 🏰🔥 from 1665, as European traders fueled conflicts by supplying weapons 🔫 to their allies.
Q: Who resisted the slave trade in Africa?
A: Queen Nzinga 👑⚔ (1583–1663) and Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita 🕊✝ led resistance efforts against the trade.
Q: How did the slave trade impact merchants and warlords in Africa?
A: It helped them consolidate and extend political power 👑 by providing wealth 💰 and weapons 🔫.
Q: How did the Asante state become powerful?
A: It became wealthy through gold ⛏, which allowed it to acquire firearms 🔫 and enslaved people, strengthening its military and economy 📈.
Q: How did the slave trade affect Africa overall?
A: While some Africans gained power, Africa suffered severe population loss 🏚📉 and widespread destruction.
Q: How did the Atlantic commercial system shift African wealth and power?
A: It moved power from rural areas 🌾 to urban ports 🏙, benefiting coastal elites.
Q: What social and political effects did the slave trade have on West African kingdoms?
A: It strengthened the warrior class ⚔ but also led to internal power struggles, dislocations, and the rise and fall of kingdoms 🏰⚠.
Q: Why did European traders constantly need more enslaved people?
A: Due to high death rates ☠ and low reproduction 🚼 among enslaved people, especially in the Caribbean 🏝.
Q: How did gender distribution differ between Africa and the Americas?
A: Enslaved men outnumbered women in the New World 🚢, while Africa’s supplier regions had more women than men 🌍👩.
Q: Why were women valued in African societies?
A: They played key roles in producing grains 🌾, leather goods 👜, and cotton textiles 👕.
Q: How did the slave trade affect African family structures?
A: It reinforced polygamy 💍 by increasing the number of women in African societies.
Q: Which European powers began colonizing North America?
A: The British 🇬🇧, Dutch 🇳🇱, and French 🇫🇷.
Q: What environmental challenge made colonization difficult?
A: The Little Ice Age ❄ caused harsh conditions that made settlement harder.
Q: How did the British approach colonization?
A: They established farms 🌾 but dispossessed Indigenous peoples of their land 🏕❌.
Q: How did the Dutch and French differ in their colonial approach?
A: They were more dependent on Indigenous peoples for trade and survival.
Q: What happened to the Dutch colony of New Netherland?
A: It was short-lived ⏳. The English took over in 1664, renaming it New York 🏙. Was named New Amsterdam
Q: What territories did the French claim in North America?
A: Eastern Canada 🇨🇦, the Great Lakes 🌊, and the Mississippi Valley 🌿.
What was a crucial trade item between the French and Indigenous peoples?
A: Beaver fur 🦫, which was highly valuable in European markets.
Q: How did the French depend on Indigenous peoples?
A: They relied on Indigenous knowledge 🧠🏹 for the fur trade and had to adapt to Native American ways.
ho were the Métis, and what role did they play?
A: French-Indigenous children 👶 played key roles as interpreters, traders, and guides 🗺.
Q: How did French colonization differ from others?
A: It was more cooperative than conquest-driven ⚖, as the French relied on Indigenous peoples for trade, military alliances, and intermarriage.
Q: What impact did the introduction of guns have on Indigenous groups?
A: It triggered an arms race ⚔ among Indigenous peoples as they traded animal skins for firearms 🔫.
Q: How did the fur trade create conflicts among Indigenous groups?
A: The scarcity of beavers 🦫 led to competition and conflict 🔥 between different groups.
Q: Who controlled most of the land in North America during early colonization?
A: Indigenous peoples 🏕 still held most of the land despite European expansion.
Q: How did some Indigenous groups respond to new European technologies?
A: They adapted new technologies ⚙ to expand their power and influence in the region
Q: How did the mercantilist system shape European expansion?
A: It required alliances between states and merchants 🤝💰, leading to chartered companies like the Dutch East India Company (VOC) 🇳🇱.
Q: Why was the VOC able to expand its influence in Southeast Asia?
A: Amsterdam’s strong financial system 🏦 allowed the VOC to raise capital 💰 and build a vast corporate navy 🚢.
Q: What were the VOC’s main goals in Southeast Asia?
A: To monopolize trade, fix prices, and replace local populations with Dutch traders 📈🌍.
Q: What territories did the VOC take over in Southeast Asia?
A: Jakarta (1619) 🏙, Banda Islands (1621) 🏝, and Portuguese Melaka (1670) ⚓.
Q: How did the Dutch treat local populations in the Banda Islands?
A: Many were killed or sold into slavery ⛓😞 as the Dutch sought control over trade.
Q: What challenges weakened the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century?
A: Droughts ☀, famine 🍚❌, rebellions ⚔, and financial crises 💰📉.
Q: Who captured Beijing in 1644, leading to the fall of the Ming Dynasty?
A: The rebel leader Li Zicheng 🏯⚔, known as the "Dashing Prince", seized the city.
Q: How did the Manchus rise to power in China?
A: A Ming army commander allied with the Manchus, allowing them to take control 🇨🇳🏯.
Q: How did European expansion impact the Islamic heartland?
A: The Islamic empires did not experience direct European intrusion 🌍🚫 but faced internal conflicts ⚔.
Q: What led to the collapse of the Safavid Empire?
A: Declining tax revenues 💰📉 and weak rulers 👑❌ caused its collapse in 1722.
Q: Which Islamic empires remained more resilient during this period?
A: The Ottoman 🏰 and Mughal empires remained stronger 💪 despite challenges.
Q: What was the Celali Revolt, and when did it begin?
A: A rebellion led by Shaykh Celali ⚔🔥 that started in the early 16th century and continued into the 17th century.
Q: What were the Köprülü reforms, and what did they achieve?
A: Financial reforms 📜💰 and anticorruption measures that:
Helped reacquire lost territories 🌍✅
Increased revenues 💵📈
Reduced inflation 💰⬇
Q: What happened in 1683 when the Ottomans tried to take Vienna?
A: They failed ❌ to capture the city, leading to territorial losses 📜⚠
Q: What was the result of the Austro-Ottoman War?
A: The Ottomans lost significant territories, including Hungary 🇭🇺❌.
Q: What was the strongest breakaway pressure within the Ottoman Empire?
A: Egypt 🇪🇬, which had been Ottoman-controlled since 1517.
Q: Who were the Mamluks, and how did they strengthen their power?
A: The Mamluks 🏹 (meaning "owned" or "possessed" in Arabic) aligned with:
Egyptian merchants 💰
Religious scholars (ulama) 📖
They also kept tax revenues 💵 instead of paying the Ottomans.
Q: When did the Mughal Empire reach its height?
A: In the 1600s, experiencing economic prosperity 💰📈.
Q: What challenges did the Mughal Empire face?
A: Internal conflicts ⚔ due to governing dispersed and resistant provinces 🗺.
Q: What was politically significant about Mughal rule in India?
A: India was under a single political authority 🇮🇳👑 for the first time.
Q: What was the main source of wealth for the Mughal Empire?
A: Land rents 🌾💰, along with European demand for Indian goods 🏺📦.
Q: How did local rulers respond to Mughal expansion and prosperity?
A: They gained autonomy ⚖ and increasingly resisted Mughal authority 🚫
Q: Who became more autonomous within Mughal India?
A: Local warrior elites 🏹 and regional rulers resisted central control.
Q: What role did Indian peasants play in Mughal decline?
A: Peasant rebellions 🌾⚔ further weakened Mughal authority.
Q: How did Mughal power shift in its later years?
A: It diminished into a loose unity of semi-autonomous provincial states 🏙.
Q: How did merchants influence Mughal India?
A: Private commercial enterprises 💰 grew, aligning merchants with European traders 🚢.
Q: How did global commerce affect the Mughal Empire?
A: It enriched local rulers and merchants 💵 but weakened imperial rule ⚖📉.
Q: Who founded the Qing Dynasty, and when?
A: The Manchus 🏯⚔ defeated Li Zicheng and established the Qing Dynasty ("pure") in 1644–1911.
Q: How did the Manchus compare in population size to the Chinese they ruled?
A: 1 million Manchus 👤 ruled over 250 million Chinese 👥📊.
Q: What areas did the Qing Dynasty expand?
A: Territories, economy, and population 🌍📈 grew under Qing rule.
Q: Why were the early Manchu emperors successful?
A: They were able administrators 📜🏛 who showed flexibility and respect for local traditions 🏯🤝.
Q: How did the Qing Dynasty ensure government efficiency?
A: Key documents were translated into Manchu 🏮🔤 to maintain their cultural influence.
Q: Who bore the burden of Manchu taxes?
A: Peasants 💰⚠ were primarily taxed under the Qing.
How did the Qing manage foreign relations?
A: They established tributary relations 🏛🌏 with neighboring states.
Q: What was the Canton System (1759)?
A: A trade regulation system ⚖ requiring European traders 🇪🇺 to work with Chinese guild merchants 🇨🇳 as guarantors.
Q: Did the Qing Dynasty change China’s social and economic structures?
A: No, they left most agrarian-based 🌾🏠 traditions intact.
Q: Which ruling family unified Japan and controlled foreign influence?
A: The Tokugawa shogunate 👑🏰 emerged as the single ruling power.
Q: What was Japan’s political situation before unification?.
A: Civil strife ⚔🏹 among daimyos (regional rulers) with private samurai armies
Q: Who unified Japan and took the title of shogun in 1603?
A: Tokugawa Ieyasu 🏯👑.
Q: What major capital change did the Tokugawa shogunate make?
A: They moved the capital from Kyoto to Edo (modern Tokyo 🏙➡🌆).
Q: How did the Tokugawa economy function?
A: Villages paid taxes 💰🌾 to daimyos, who transferred resources to the shogun.
Q: How did the role of samurai change under Tokugawa rule?
A: They became administrators 📜🏯 instead of warriors.
Q: How did the Tokugawa shogunate restrict European traders?
A: They expelled all 🚢❌ except Dutch merchants 🇳🇱 near Nagasaki. : They saw Christians as intolerant ⛪🚫 and expelled missionaries.
Q: Did Tokugawa completely isolate Japan?
A: No, trade continued 🌏🤝 with China and Korea.
Q: What foreign knowledge did the Tokugawa allow?
A: Dutch and Chinese technology ⚙, shipbuilding ⛵, and medicine ⚕
Q: What major factors transformed Europe between 1600 and 1750?
A: Religious conflict ⚔, commercial expansion 📈, and dynastic consolidation 👑.
Q: How did Europe's commercial centers shift during this period?
A: They moved northward 📍➡📍, as England and France gained power.
Q: Which European powers lost influence after 1600?
A: Spain 🇪🇸📉 and Portugal 🇵🇹.
Q: How did the State of Muscovy change over time?
A: It expanded to become the Russian Empire 🇷🇺🌍, one of the largest states.