Gen Chem II: Exam 1

Pressure is force…; units of pressure?

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) is height of a …

Boyle’s Law measures …; volume is …; formula

As you squish something, you exert…

As you make something larger, you exert…

exerted on an object divided by area over which it is exerted; mmHg, atm, Pa, bar

column of Hg above surface of Hg

compressibility; inversely proportional to pressure exerted by a gas; P1V1 = P2V2

more pressure against yourself

less pressure

Charles’s Law measures…; formula…

A lower temperature equals a …; temperature must always be in…

If volume increases, temperature must…; if volume decreases, temperature must…; as they are..

General Gas Law or Combined Gas Law is constant…; formula

effect of temperature; V1/T1 = V2/T2

lower volume; Kelvin

increase; decrease; proportional

n; P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Avogrado’s hypothesis is when the volume of gases under the same ..; have equal # of…

Ideal Gas Law describes the behavior of an …; which are particles assumed to have …

Formula of Ideal Gas Law…

Standard Temperature & Pressure (STP) is pressure of …

Standard Molar Volume at STP is when 1 mol of ideal gas has …

temperature & pressure; particles

ideal gas; no volume or attractive forces to each other

PV = nRT

1 atm and temp 0 C or 273.15K

V = 22.414L

Density of gases determines …; formula..

Gas density is directly proportional to …; gas density is inversely proportional to…

Density is directly proportional to …; meaning heavy gases …; light gases…

Partial pressure is when each gas in a mixture…

buoyancy in air (all fluids); d = m/v = PM/RT

pressure; temperature

molar mass; sink; float

exerts its own pressure

Mole fraction (X) is the…

Pressure of a gas in a mixture is the product of its..

Pressure is directly related to the…

number of moles of one substance divided by the total number of moles

mole fraction & total pressure of the mixture

number of particles of a gas in a mix

Gases consist of ..

Particles of a gas are in…

As they move, they…; in a way in which the total energy is …

Average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to …

All gases, regardless of molecular mass, have the same..

particles whose separation is much greater than the size of the particles themselves

continual, random, rapid motion

collide w/ each other and walls of the container; unchanged

temperature

kinetic energy at the same temperature

Maxwell-Boltzman Curves is when some molecules in a sample have…

Most have …; with the most probable in the …

As temperature increases, the # of molecules moving at high speeds…; average speed also..

A higher mass results in a …

Root mean square (RMS) speed formula is ..

high speeds and some low

intermediate speeds; maximum of the curve

increases; increases

lower speed

square root of 3 times RT/M

RMS speed is related to the …; and close to the …

While all gases may have same average …; at same…; their differing molar masses lead to…

Pressure arises from …

As temperature increases, what else increases; If n or amount increases, what also increases?

If pressure is constant, other variables must…

average kinetic energy; true average speed of a sample

KE; temperature; different RMS speeds

collisions of gas molecules w/ container walls

speed and force of collisions increases; number of collisions and pressure increases

change

If temperature increases, what must increase to maintain constant pressure; in reaction to the…

This causes what to increase…

If temperature is constant and volume decreases, what increases? meaning an increase in?

area of the sides of the container; increased force

volume

the number of collisions per unit area; pressure

Diffusion is a random process by which molecules …

Given time, molecules of one component in a mixture will…

Effusion is movement of…

Graham’s Law relates rate of effusion to …

disperse in space due to differences in concentration

completely mix with all other components

gas through one or more tiny openings in container into another w/ very low pressure

RMS speed & therefore to molar mass

Vaporize requires…; so it is what process

Condensation releases..; so it is what process

Volatility is how easily…; as temp increases…

energy; endothermic

energy; exothermic

molecules escape liquid phase; volatility increases so vapor pressure increases

Non-ideal gas behaviors at high pressures/low temps, ideal gas law …; bc gases have…

What are the two key factors influencing deviation from ideality?

If pressure is great, volume a gas particle occupies has a ..; as space available to move in is…

It temp is low, the attractive forces can overcome the …; and start to …; to a …

fails; intermolecular forces between them and intrinsic volume

pressure & temperature

greater relative effect; nearly the same as its size

kinetic energy; condense; liquid or solid causing issues

Attraction between molecules usually results in…

Molecules taking up volume results in …

Water has a high..; it can dissolve…

lower observed pressure

higher observed volume

melting and boiling points; salts

Small forces result in…

Large forces results in …

One force that holds things together is …; given by what law?

Coulombic forces account for the …

They are …; resulting in..

lower melting & boiling points

larger melting & boiling points

electrostatic attraction/repulsion; Coulomb’s law

bonding of ionic solids

strong; high melting and boiling points

Molecular compounds are held together by …; which include…

Molecules with permanent dipole bond is called…

Polar molecules & nonpolar molecule bond is called…

Nonpolar molecules & nonpolar molecules bond is called…

Intramolecular forces are relatively …; but have a …; as they are directly related to…

These forces are important in determining the …; crucial in determining …; more attraction =

van der Waals forces; dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, induced-induced dipole, hydrogen

dipole-dipole forces

dipole - induced dipole forces or Debye forces

induced dipole - induced dipole or London Dispersion

weak; big impact; melting point, boiling point, and phase transition energy

solubility of solids, liquids, and gases in solvents; structures of biomolecules; more soluble

Ions depends on distance between…; charge on the…; magnitude of the…

Closer distance bt ion & dipole means…; higher charge on ion = …; greater magnitude =

Enthalpy of solvation for ions is …; so it is … to be solvated

ion and dipole; ion; dipole

stronger bond; stronger bond; stronger bond

substantial; exothermic

Dipole-dipole interactions is when the …

Intermolecular forces influence the …

Polar compounds have higher … than…; because they are held more …; this also affects …

Intermolecular forces also influence …; as like dissolves…

Polar often dissolves…; nonpolar often dissolves…

positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to negative end of another polar molecule

evaporation and condensation of gases among other things

enthalpy vapor; nonpolar; strongly together by intermolecular forces; boiling points

solubility; like

polar; nonpolar

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of …; which occurs due to …

The electronegativity difference is especially..; leading to very …

H-bonds are stronger than average…; involved in? Ice is less dense than…; because…

Density of water increases with …; this is because gaps start to be…; leading to water…

polar bond; O-H, N-H, or F-H bonds in a molecule

large; polar bonds & strong attractions

dipole-dipole interactions; DNA/protein interactions; liquid water; H bonds force extra space

temperature; filled; freezing over rather than freezing solid

Dipole - induced dipole forces or …; is when a dipole can…

Polarization is the process of …; polarizability is degree to which the …

Atoms/molecules with large electron clouds have higher…

Debye forces; induce a dipole in a molecule that may not ordinarily have one

inducing a dipole; electron cloud of an atom or molecule can be distorted

polarizability

Induced dipole - induced dipole forces or …; occur between …

Can account for a major part of the …; increase with…

Vaporization or evaporation is when liquid becomes a ..; requires …; so it is a ..

Condensation is …; what kind of process

Enthalpy change for condensation is equal but opposite in sign to enthalpy of…

Energy of a liquid depends only on…

London dispersion forces; all molecules but are only intermolecular forces bt nonpolar molecules

net intermolecular force even for polar molecules; molar mass for related series of compounds

gas; energy; endothermic process

gas to liquid transition; exothermic

vaporization

temperature

Standard molar enthalpy of vaporization is energy required to ..

Vapor pressure is pressure exerted by the …

It is essentially how hard does this vapor need to … to keep liquid down; higher for more..

This is what kind of equilibrium; as there is no…

vaporize

vapor in equilibrium with the liquid phase

push; volatile things in order to overcome weak intermolecular phases

dynamic; net change in mass of the two species

Vapor pressure is measure of …; which is the tendency of …; more volatile at a higher

Equilibrium vapor pressure must therefore increase with…

Clausius-Clapeyron equation linearized the …

Boiling temp is the temp at which a liquid’s vapor pressure is..

This leads to molecules being able to ..

volatility; molecules to escape liquid phase & enter vapor phase at given temp; temperature

temperature

pressure-temperature plot

equal to external pressure

jump off the liquid

Critical point is when interface between…

Critical point occurs at the …

Supercritical fluid is a substance that exists at the …; it’s between a …

Molecules are close together like a…; but with enough..

Surface tension is when energy is required to …

liquid and vapor phases disappears at a high enough pressure/temperature

critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Tp)

critical point; gas and liquid

liquid; energy to overcome intermolecular forces

increase surface area of a liquid by one unit of area

All molecules in liquid feel …; but those on surface have …; there is net pull …; which creates…

Lowest energy arrangement of drop of water is therefore a ..; because a sphere minimizes..

Capillary action is movement of ..; Meniscus is the ..

equal forces in all directions; none above; inward to liquid; the tension

sphere; surface area and lowest force

liquid up a thin tube; curve when liquids are in various containers

Adhesive forces is attraction of water molecules to …; essentially it is forces bt..

Cohesive forces is attraction of water molecules to …; essentially it is forces bt..

Viscosity is resistance of …; essentially it is…; dependent on…

Water spills quickly due to relatively …

Oil has stronger ..; because it is a …

the surface of objects; liquid & container

each other; liquid and liquid

liquids to flow; how thick something is; intermolecular forces

lower viscosity than oil

intermolecular forces; much larger molecule

Unit cell is the…; that has all of the …

Crystal lattice is assemblage of …;can’t change their..; can..

Every face is part of…; every edge is apart of …; every corner is apart of …

Simplest is …; which are ..

smallest repeating unit; symmetry characteristics of arrangement of particles in a solid

3D unit cells; relative positions since they’re packed together; vibrate & sometimes rotate

2 cubes; 4; 8

cubic unit cell; equal sides at 90 degree angles

Lattice points of a crystal are the locations of …; 3 types of symmetry are..

In body centered cubic, lattice point is where..; in face centered, lattice point is in

X-ray Crystallography is a technique used to determine…

identical atoms, ions, or molecules; primitive, body centered, face centered

structure

Cubic hole is surrounded by…

Octahedral hole is surrounded by..

Tetrahedral holes is when each ion is surrounded by…

8 ions at corners of a cube

6 ions in octahedral geometry

4 oppositely charged ions