Reading And Writing Finals

Discourse

• Refers to any unit of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence

• Discourse cannot be confined to sentential boundaries. It is something that goes beyond the limits of the sentence. In other words, discourse is any coherent succession of sentences, spoken or written

• Discourse is one (1) of the four (4) systems of language, the others being vocabulary, grammar, and phonology.It is any piece of extended language (language that is more than one [1] sentence), written or spoken, that has unity, meaning, and purpose.

Narration 

It is the description of an event, which occurs in chronological order.

Setting

This is the time and the place of the action. This answers the questions When and Where.

Character

These are the persons involved in the story. It answers Who in the narrative.

Actions

These are the incidents in the story, the causes responsible for the occurrence, and the manner that the outcome is brought about. It answers What, Why, and How.

Simple

narrative of events which really happen

Plotted

fictional, results of the author’s invention or ingenuity

Description

It is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars in the story. It can go hand in hand with narration and makes the events in the story more vivid.

Spatial

describes how the subject occupies space.

Vertical

best with subjects that are taller than they are wide. You may start at the top and work your way down, or start at the bottom and work your way up. Descriptions of peoples are often vertically organized.

Horizontal

moves from left to right, or from right to left, taking the details in a horizontal sequence. Depending on the perspective of the writer, the description could also move from the front to back or vice versa. Usually, the direction of movement is a matter of choice. Descriptions of places are often organized horizontally.

Circular

used whenever a horizontal pattern involves something that is not in a straight line. The interior of a room, for example, could use a circular pattern, beginning at the door and working around the room until returning to the starting point.

Affective

describes the effect a person, place, or thing has on the writer. Recreating that same effect on the audience becomes the purpose of the writer. It uses description to convey feelings.

Temporal

refers to narration

Informative (Scientific and Technical)

• appeals to the intellect

• describes how it looks, feels or does, tastes, smells, sounds

• details in the appearance (color, size, and shap

Artistic (Suggestive / Evocative or literary)

• aims to give pleasure

• appeals to the sense of beauty by stimulating the imagination and emotion of the reader that he may have a vivid image of the object as felt and seen by the writer

Exposition

It is a type of oral or written discourse used to explain, describe, or give information.

Circumlocution

This depicts a pattern in which the speaker discusses a topic, then diverts to discuss a related but different topic.

Narrative Interspersion

This is a pattern of a sub-pattern embedded in other patterns in which the speaker or writer intersperses a narrative within the expository text for specific purposes including to clarify or elaborate on a point or link the subject matter to a personal experience.

Recursion

This is when the speaker discusses the topic, and then restates it using different words or symbolism. It is used to drive home a point and to give special emphasis to the text.

Description

The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples.

Sequence

The author lists items of events in numerical or chronological order (uses first, second, third, nest, then, finally).

Comparison

The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different (uses different, in contrast, alike, same as, on the other hand).

Cause and Effect

The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects (usesreasons why, if… then, as a result, therefore, because).

Problem and Solution

The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A variation of this pattern is the question-andanswer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it (uses problem is, dilemma is, puzzle is solved, question… answer).

Exposition of a Process

the most frequently used organizational patterns

Exposition of an Abstract Term

achieved by definition, by analogy, by comparison and contrast, by example, by cause and effect, by repetition, by question and answer or by combined methods

Character Sketch

the process of writing individual traits to set forth our idea of the person. It is also giving details of the characteristics of some personified animal or thing.

Essay

an exposition of an author’s thoughts or reflections on some subject of human interest

Formal Essay

to give information and instruction

Informal Essay

to reveal writer’s personality, to entertain, to comment on interesting and important matters

Comment and Criticism

It is usually published in newspapers and magazines and is written in a large variety of subjects such as books, play, music, painting, sculpture, or anything that naturally evokes opinion or judgment.

Classification and Partition

Two (2) different patterns, but both involve sorting information into categories. These methods are generally used to handle subjects where there is so much information. The writer, then, decides to break the subject up into smaller pieces and examine each piece separately.

Summary

This states and explains briefly the subject of any spoken or written composition of considerable length.

Arguementation

It is the form of composition that aims to convince others of the truth or falsity of a disputed matter. It appeals to the understanding.

Term

which is the word to be defined

Genus

where the term belongs and can be classified

Differentia or differentiation

which includes the remaining parts and other information revolving on the term that is defined. It also states the factor that distinguishes an entity, state, or class from another; a characteristic or trait distinguishing a species from other species of the same genus.

Visual illustrations

It appeals to the sense of sight.

Facts

These are concepts, ideas, and statements that are generally assumed to be true, real, and/or existing.

Anecdotes

These are brief narratives within a piece of writing.

Details

It entails analyzing. Analyzing is the process of breaking down a concept or idea into its constituent parts

Opinions

As opposed to facts, opinions are individual interpretations of people on certain events, situations, ideas, and/or concepts, opinions naturally vary from one person to another due to people’s different backgrounds and personalities

Observations

Similar to describing, observations also make use of description – appealing to the five (5) human senses.

Logos

appealing to the audience’s logic

Pathos

appealing to the audience’s emotions

Ethos

the appeal to credibility

Analogy

for citing similarities

Contrast

for citing differences of either object to make the idea clear

Comparison

for comparing object or idea to another by pointing out similarities and differences.

Analogy

is a common technique that writers use to demonstrate comparison and contrast.

Simile and Metaphor

Simile is done when there is a direct comparison between or among objects. Expressions with Similes are always done with the use of the words like and as. As opposed to a Simile, a Metaphor is done when there is an indirect comparison between or among objects.

Oxymoron

happens when two (2) seemingly opposite terms are juxtaposed net to or near – each other in a single expression.

Personification

is done when non-humans are assigned human characteristics and/or actions.

Critical Reading

• Whenever you read something and you evaluate claims, seek definitions, judge information, demand proof, and question assumptions, you are thinking critically (Tiongson & Rodriguez, 2016).
  
  

• It means not taking anything at face value. It is watching out for the author’s limitations, omissions, oversights, and arguments in the text.

Claims of Fact

It states a quantifiable assertion or a measurable topic. They assert that something has existed, exists, or will exist based on data.

Claims of Value

Assert something that can be qualified. They consist of arguments about moral, philosophical, or aesthetic topics.

Claims of Policy

Posit that specific actions should be chosen as solutions to a particular problem.

Context

is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text and form the terms from which it can be better understood and evaluated.

Intertextuality

It is the modeling of a text’s meaning by another text. It is defined as the connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects depending on their similarities in language, genre, or discourse.

Hypertext

is a non-linear way of showing information. It connects topics on the screen to related information, graphics, or videos that are related to the text. This information appears as links and is usually accessed by clicking. The reader can jump to more information about a topic, which in turn may have more links. This opens up the reader a wider horizon of information or to a new direction.

Assertions 

are declarative sentences that claim something is true about something else

Counterclaims

are claims made to rebut a previous claim. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.

book review

is a short piece of text describing what the book is about, the intentions or aims of the author in writing the book, whether the aims were successfully achieved or not, how it is written and whether it suits a certain readership, and how does it compare to other comparable works in the same field.

Film reviews

are assessments of the aesthetic, entertainment, social, and cultural merits and significance of a current film or video.

Quantitative Method

Explains phenomena by collecting numerical data analyzed using appropriate statistical treatment.

Qualitative Method

Obtains a more holistic picture of what goes on in a particular situation or setting.

Research Proposal

an academic work that aims to persuade people that the researchers have the integral skills and work plan to complete a research

Research Problem

is a universal statement that ensures the rudiments of research. Articulating a research problem entails a criterion

Statement of the Problem

It pertains to the purposefulness of the study. It answers the questions, what does your study intend to prove or explore? Why is there a need to do so? In other words, it is the central point of your research.

Significance of the Study

It is a critical part of the research since the researcher aims to influence the readers into reading the study.

Hypothesis

It is a scholarly assumption, designed to define, analyze, and expound a fact or an instinctual phenomenon.

Definition of terminologies

Unlocks words or expressions crucial in understanding the veracity of your study.

Literature Review

It presents a summary of all the pieces of literature obtained and reviewed by the researcher, facilitating the crafting and expansion of the study.

Methodology

Refers to the defining and designing of strategies in conducting the study, for the purpose if addressing the research problem.

Results and Discussion

It contains the presentation of the results in a non-text format, such as tables, graphs, or charts. Always label non-text forms so your readers can understand these figures.

Resume

It is a document that contains a brief account of a person’s education, skills, work experience, and other qualifications.

Application Letter

A document that provides additional information about a job applicant, it is also known as cover letter

Business Letter

is a formal type of written communication used by professionals in their day-to-day transactions.