BIO 101 Pearson Module (Chapters 1-3)

All the organisms on your campus make up _____.

a community

At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning?

In establishing a test of a hypothesis

Which of the following statements is an example of correct inductive reasoning?

We conclude that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients because, over centuries of study, we have found no animals that can survive without organic molecules acquired through feeding.

Which of the following is a prokaryotic domain?

Archaea

Emergent properties of living systems are defined as properties that ____.

are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings would be found in which kingdom?

Fungi

Energy ____ an ecosystem, whereas chemical elements ____.

Flows through; cycles within it

With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________.

descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?

Hypotheses usually are more relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power

Which of the following sequences correctly lists life's hierarchy of levels or organization from lowest to highest?

Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

The fish swam in a zigzag motion

Two garden plots were planted with corn. The soil was similar in each, and equal amounts of water were applied to each plot. One plot was fertilized, the other was not. The experimenters measured the yield as bushels of corn from each plot. The plot that did not receive the fertilizer was the _____.

control group

The process that accounts for the unity and the diversity of life is ______.

evolution

Why can a hypothesis never be proven to be true?

There may always be alternative untested hypotheses that might also account for the results.

A controlled experiment is one that ____.

tests experimental and control groups in parallel

Which of the following would be an experimental means to investigate whether bean plants require an environmental source of sodium?

Compare the growth and survival of bean plants in a growth medium containing sodium and in an identical growth medium completely lacking sodium

How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?

The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein

What is the appropriate term for a group of all the individuals that can mate with each other living within a specified area?

Population

What is DNA?

a. the substance of heredity

b. a double helix made of four types of nucleotides

c. a code for protein synthesis

d. a component of chromosomes

e. all of the above.

All of the above.

What is the primary source of energy that makes life on Earth possible?

The sun

A scientific theory is ____.

A well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power

Which of the following observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?

Darwin synthesized his theory of natural selection from all of the listed observed and inferences.

Which of the following is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms?

Cell

Isotopes of an element will always differ in ____.

atomic mass

Which of the following has negligible mass?

electron

An atom that normally has __________ in its outer shell would not form chemical bonds with other atoms.

eight electrons

The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the _____.

number of electrons in its outermost shell

Ionic bonds form as a result of _____.

attraction between ions that have opposite charges

Coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates primarily because of water's high __________.

specific heat

Which of the following molecules has the shape of a completed tetrahedron?

Methane (CH4)

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern?

More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO3^-2)

How many electrons would be present in the valence shell of a sulfur atom (atomic number 16, mass number 32)?

Six electrons

The number of protons in an uncharged atom ____.

equals the number of electrons

A solution at pH 6 contains ____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8.

100 times more H+

There are ____ naturally occurring elements.

92

An acid is _____.

a substance that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

A covalent bond will be polar if ____.

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by 1°C is defined as __________.

the specific heat of that substance

Which of the following is a trace element?

Copper

When the number of protons and electrons possessed by an atom are unequal, the atom ____.

is an ion

Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, _____.

have charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere.

Adhesion is best described as __________.

the clinging of one substance to another substance

Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70% to 95% water. As a result _____.

1) the temperature of living things tends to change relatively slowly

2) a variety of nutrient molecules are readily available as dissolved solutes

3) waste products produced by cell metabolism can be easily removed

4) dissolved substances can be easily transported within a cell or between cells in multicellular organisms

5) all of the above

All of the above

The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding __________.

A. provides the surface tension that allows leaves to float on water

B. is called cohesion

C. keeps water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk

D. acts to moderate temperature

E. All of the above

All of the above

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?

Surface Tension

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high ____.

Heat of vaporization

The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as __________.

the heat of vaporization of that substance

What are the four most abundant elements found in living organisms?

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components?

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

The lips that form the main structural component of cell membranes are ____.

phospholipids

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

six hydrogen and three carbon

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can't the same enzyme break down cellulose?

The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded in a different orientation than in starch.

Which of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water?

A. -OPO3^2-

B. -COOH

C. -OH

D. -NH2

E. All of the above

All of the above

Which of these is a thiol?

A. -SH

B. -COOH

C. -OH

D. -NH2

E. None of the above

None of the above

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by __________.

adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains

Which of the following functions groups is present in all amino acids?

-NH2

Some lips are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by ____.

ester linkages

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

amino acid molecules

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

A. Ne

B. O2

C. NaCl

D. H20

E. CH4

CH4

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?

Hydrophobic, non polar, and a good source of stored energy

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

Starch

why do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?

All have been associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins.

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

Lipids

Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least?

Cellulose (in the lettuce)

To what does the term polypeptide refer?

A. amino acids linked by hydrolysis

B. a complex carbohydrate

C. monomers linked by glycosidic linkages

D. carbohydrates with a hydrogen bond holding them together

E. None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following is a polymer?

cellulose, a plant cell wall component

The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?

secondary structure

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond on its carbon skeleton?

C2H4

On the basis of the principle of complementary base pairing, you would expect the percentage of _____ to be equal to the percentage of _____.

adenine, thymine

When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality?

Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, and van Der Waals interactions that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

chitin

Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.

polymer; glucose molecules

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called the _____.

tertiary structure